President James Monroe




Won the Election of 1816
and reelection in 1820.
Era of Good FeelingsPeriod during his
Presidency where there
was little political fighting
1st President to tour the
country since Washington
Monroe DoctrineStatement by Monroe in a
speech that warned
European countries of
any new colonization in
North and South America.
McCullough vs. Maryland (1819)




The state of Maryland tried to tax a branch of the Bank
of the United States in Baltimore to show that the Bank
was unconstitutional.
Branch manager, James McCullough, refused to pay the
tax as it was a federal bank.
In a unanimous decision, the Supreme Court said that
states had to no power to interfere with federal
institutions, and states cannot pass any law that violates
a federal law.
Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall stated the
“necessary and proper clause” of the Constitution allows
the Bank of the United States to exist which would serve
as a precedent for the expansion of federal power.
Election of 1824
Candidates: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson,
Henry Clay, and William Harris Crawford
 No candidate secured a majority so the decision
went to the House of Representatives (Only top 3
candidates to chose from so Clay was left out)
 Since Clay was Speaker of the House, he put his
support behind Adams as he hated Andrew Jackson.
(Adams made him Secretary of State)
 Andrew Jackson would rally his supporters to defeat
John Quincy Adams in the Election of 1828

JACKSON’S STRUGGLE WITH NATIVE
AMERICANS
President Andrew
Jackson (1829-1837)
 “People’s President”
 Veteran of Rev. War,
War of 1812, and the
Indian Wars
 Backed white settlers
moving onto Native
American Land

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830
Cherokee sued the federal government for
allowing white settlers to take their land in
Georgia in 1828.
 Chief Justice John Marshall sided with the
Cherokee saying it was unconstitutional.
 Jackson ignored the Supreme Court ruling
and continued to use the power of the
presidency to push the Natives west.

INDIAN REMOVAL ACT OF 1830
Jackson signed this legislation into law in
1830.
 Act provided funds for the federal
government to remove Native Americans
from the Eastern United States.
 Cherokee’s held out until 1838 when they
were militarily forced to move west.

TRAIL OF TEARS
Cherokee leader John
Ross led his people west
of the Mississippi River.
 Marched through brutal
winter across the Great
Plains.
 4,000 Cherokee died.
 “The Trail Where They
Cried”

MANIFEST DESTINY
Push-Pull Factors - events and conditions
that either force (push) people to move
elsewhere or strongly attract (pull) them
to do so.
 Manifest Destiny- is the desire to control
and populate the entire continent from the
Atlantic to the Pacific

 Appetite
for profit and conquest
 Sense of adventure
THE OREGON COUNTRY
Included the land of future states such as
Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and parts of
Wyoming and Montana.
 Many trappers went to Oregon for the
Beaver skin.
 Between 1840-1860 more than 60,000
traveled the Oregon Trail from
Independence, Missouri to the Columbia
River.

The Mormon Trail
Christian Sect known as “The Church of
Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.”
 Because of continuous persecution from
New York to Illinois, the leader at the time
Brigham Young decided to go west.
 In 1847, Young and 15,000 Mormons took
the 1,300 mile trip from Iowa to Salt Lake
in Utah.

THE GOLD RUSH
January 1848. Gold found in American
River in California.
 Rumors of large gold mines fueled 80,000
gold seekers to California in 1849.
 Known as “forty-niners”
 Traveled the southern part of the Oregon
Trail and used the Mormon Trail as well.
