Business and Personal Finance Unit 1 Chapter 1 © 2007 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
What You’ll Learn
 Section 1.1
 Define personal financial planning.
 Name the six steps of financial planning.
 Identify factors that affect personal financial
decisions.
 Section 1.2
 Explain opportunity costs associated with personal
financial decisions.
 Identify eight strategies for achieving financial goals
at different stages of life.
Business and Personal Finance Unit 1 Chapter 1 © 2007 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
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The Money Plan
• Q: I am a high school student. I do not have money for
investments or buying property. So what difference does it
make how I spend my money now?
• A: You will not always be a student. Learning to save and
use money wisely now will help you know how to achieve
financial security in the future. While you are in high school,
financial planning can help you decide how to spend, save,
and invest your money for special purchases or activities
that matter to you. You may even be able to buy stock!
Go to finance07.glencoe.com to complete the Standard &
Poor’s Financial Focus activity.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Main Idea
List three of your
financial goals.
The steps in the financial planning process can
help you reach your financial goals.
Video Clip: Why Have a Financial Plan?
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
personal
financial
planning
arranging to
spend, save, and
invest money to
live comfortably,
have financial
security, and
achieve goals
Personal Financial Decisions
Personal finance is everything in your life that
involves money.
Some of the benefits of personal financial
planning are:
 You have more money and financial
security.
 You know how to use money to achieve
your goals.
 You have less chance of going into debt
you cannot handle.
 You can help your partner and support
your children, if you have a family.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
goals
the things you
want to
accomplish
The financial planning process has six steps to
help you reach your goals.
Step 1: Determine Your Current Financial
Situation
To figure out your current financial situation, make
a list of items that relate to your finances, such as:
 Savings
 Monthly income (job earnings, allowance,
gifts, and interest on bank accounts)
 Monthly expenses (money you spend)
 Debts (money you owe to others)
When you have determined your financial
situation, you will be able to start planning.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
values
the beliefs and
principles you
consider
important, correct,
and desirable
need
something you
must have to
survive, such as
food, shelter, and
clothing
Step 2: Develop Your Financial Goals
To develop clear financial goals, think about
your attitude toward money and ask yourself
some questions:
 Is it more important to spend your money
now or to save for the future?
 Would you rather get a job right after high
school or continue your education?
 Do your personal values affect your
financial decisions?
 Do you know the difference between your
needs and your wants?
want
something you
desire or would
like to have or do
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Step 3: Identify Your Options
It is impossible to make a good decision unless
you know all your options. If you are saving $50
a month, for example, you might have these
options:
 Expand the current situation by
increasing the amount of money you save
every month to $60.
 Change the current situation by investing
in stocks instead of putting your money
into a savings account.
 Start something new by using the $50 to
pay off your debts.
 Continue the same course of action.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
opportunity cost
what is given up
when making one
choice instead of
another
Step 4: Evaluate Your Alternatives
You must consider the consequences and risks
of each decision you make during the financial
planning process.
You can do this by:
 Using the many available sources of
financial information to keep you up-todate with social and economic conditions
that can affect your financial situation.
 Understanding the opportunity cost of
your decisions.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
liquidity
the ability to easily
convert financial
assets into cash
without loss in
value
Understanding Risks
When you make a financial decision, you also
accept certain financial risks. Some types of
financial risks include:
 Inflation Risk
 Interest Rate Risk
 Income Risk
 Personal Risk
 Liquidity Risk
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Step 5: Create and Use Your Financial
Plan of Action
A plan of action is a list of ways to achieve your
financial goals.
Some examples of plans of action include:
 Cutting back on spending to increase
your savings.
 Getting a part-time job or working more
hours at your present job to increase
your income.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Step 6: Review and Revise Your Plan
As you get older, your finances and needs will
change. That means that your financial plan will
have to change too. You should reevaluate and
revise it every year.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Developing Personal Financial Goals
Why do so many people have money problems?
The main reason is that they do not plan how
they will use their money. You can avoid money
problems by planning with some clear financial
goals in mind.
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Pay Yourself First
When you receive your first paycheck, pay yourself first. This
means that before you pay bills or buy anything, you should put
something into your savings account—even a small amount.
Think of it as paying yourself. Try saving a percentage of your
take-home pay or allowance—1 percent the first month, 2 percent
the second month, and so forth. Then sit back and watch you
money grow.
If your take-home pay is $860 a month and you save the
percentages listed above for 12 months, how much would
you have?
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Types of Financial Goals
Two factors will influence your planning for
financial goals. These factors are:
 The time frame in which you would like to
achieve your goals.
 The type of financial need that inspires
your goals.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Time Frame of Goals
Goals can be defined by the time it takes to
achieve them:
 Short-term goals take one year or less to
achieve (such as saving to buy a
computer).
 Intermediate goals take two to five years
to achieve (such as saving for a down
payment on a house).
 Long-term goals take more than five
years to achieve (such as planning for
retirement).
Start with short-term goals that may lead to
long-term ones.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
service
a task that a
person or a
machine performs
for you
good
a physical item
that is produced
and can be
weighed or
measured
Goals for Different Needs
Services and goods are two different categories
of financial needs. A haircut is an example of a
service, while a new car is a good.
How you establish and reach your financial
goals will depend on whether a goal involves the
need for:
 Consumable goods (such as a soda)
 Durable goods (such as a car)
 Intangible items (such as an education)
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Guidelines for Setting Goals
When setting your financial goals, follow these
guidelines:
 Your financial goals should be realistic.
 Your financial goals should be specific.
 Your financial goals should have a clear
time frame.
 Your financial goals should help you
decide what type of action to take.
Your financial goals will change as you go
through life.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Influences on Personal Financial
Planning
Many factors will influence your day-to-day
decisions about finances.
The three most important factors are:
 Life situations
 Personal values
 Economic factors
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Life Situations and Personal Values
Your financial planning will be affected by
changes in your life situation, such as:
 Going to college
 Starting a new career
 Getting married
 Having children
 Moving to a new city
Your personal values also influence your
financial decisions.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
economics
the study of the
decisions that go
into making,
distributing, and
using goods and
services
economy
the ways in which
people make,
distribute, and use
their goods and
services
Economic Factors
Economic factors across the country and around
the world play a role in day-to-day financial
planning and decision making for most people.
To understand economics and the economy,
you need to be aware of:
 Market forces
 Financial institutions
 Global influences
 Economic conditions
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
supply
the amount of
goods and
services available
for sale
demand
the amount of
goods and
services people
are willing to buy
Market Forces
The forces of supply and demand determine the
prices of products, or goods and services, you
purchase.
When there is a high demand for an item, or
when a company cannot manufacture enough of
a certain product to keep up with the demand,
the price of the product rises.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Financial Institutions
Most people do business with financial
institutions, which include:
 Banks
 Credit unions
 Savings and loan associations
 Insurance companies
 Investment companies
Financial institutions provide services that
increase financial activity in the economy.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Federal Reserve
System
the central
banking
organization of
the United States,
also known as the
Fed
The Federal Reserve System
The Federal Reserve System’s primary role in
the U.S. economy is the regulation of the money
supply. The Fed controls the money supply by:
 Determining interest rates
 Buying or selling government securities
Its decisions affect:
 The interest rate you earn on your
savings
 The interest rate you pay when you
borrow money
 The prices of the products you buy
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Global Influences
You and the money you spend are part of the
global marketplace, which is another economic
factor that can affect financial planning.
The economy of every nation is affected by
competition with other nations. When more
money is leaving the U.S. than entering it, for
example:
 Less money is available for spending and
investing.
 Interest rates may rise.
These global influences also affect personal
financial decisions.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
Economic Conditions
Current economic conditions also affect your
personal financial decisions. The three
important economic conditions are:
 Consumer prices
 Consumer spending
 Interest rates
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
inflation
a rise in the level
of prices for
goods and
services
Consumer Prices
Over time the prices of most products inflate.
The main cause of inflation is an increase in
demand without an increase in supply. For
example, prices will rise if:
 People have more money to spend
because of pay increases or borrowing.
 The same amounts of goods and
services are available.
The inflation rate affects consumer prices and
varies from year to year.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
consumer
a person who
purchases and
uses goods or
services
Consumer Spending
Consumer spending affects the economy by
helping to create and maintain jobs.
When people buy more goods or services:
 Companies have to hire extra employees
to meet the demand.
 The employment rate rises, making more
jobs available.
 More people work, and they have more
money to spend.
When consumers buy fewer goods and
services, companies have to produce less, and
unemployment rises.
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Section 1.1
Financial Decisions and Goals
interest
the price that is
paid for the use of
another’s money
Interest Rates
Interest rates represent the cost of money
and are also influenced by supply and
demand.
Interest rates will affect your financial planning
as you:
 Save
 Invest
 Obtain loans
Interest rates are just one facet of the
economic factors that influence your personal
financial planning.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Main Idea
Why do you think
you may have to
make trade-offs to
meet your
financial goals?
By recognizing the trade-offs of financial
decisions and learning to use your money wisely
now, you will be able to live according to your
values and meet your financial needs and goals
throughout your life.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Personal and Financial Opportunity
Costs
Whenever you make a choice, you have to give
up, or trade off, some of your other options.
When making your financial decisions and
plans, you will need to carefully consider:
 Personal opportunity costs
 Financial opportunity costs
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Personal Opportunity Costs
Like financial resources, your personal
resources require management. These
resources include:
 Health
 Knowledge
 Skills
 Time
You have to decide how to use your time to
meet your needs, to achieve your goals, and to
satisfy your values.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
time value of
money
the increase of an
amount of money
due to earned
interest or
dividends
Financial Opportunity Costs
You also must make choices about how you
spend money.
To help make choices, consider the time value
of money every time you:
 Spend
 Save
 Invest
Think about the time value of this money as an
opportunity cost.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
principal
the original
amount of money
on deposit
Calculating Interest
You can calculate the time value of your savings
by figuring out how much interest you will earn.
To do this, you will need to know:
 The principal
 The annual interest rate
 The length of time your money will be in
an account
By comparing interest rates at several financial
institutions, you can figure out which one will
make your money grow the fastest.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
future value
the amount your
original deposit
will be worth in
the future based
on earning a
specific interest
rate over a
specific period of
time
Future Value of a Single Deposit
You can determine the future value of your
savings by:
 Multiplying the principal by the annual
interest rate.
 Adding that interest amount to the
principal.
Each year, interest is earned on your principal
and on previously earned interest.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Compounding
To calculate the interest earned for the second
year:
 Add interest earned in the first year to the
principal.
 Take that amount and multiply it by the
annual interest rate.
Future value computations are also called
compounding. With compounding, your money
increases faster over time.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
annuity
a series of equal
regular deposits
present value
the amount of
money you would
need to deposit
now in order to
have a desired
amount in the
future
Deposit Values
Some savers and investors like to make regular
deposits into their savings. A series of equal
regular deposits is sometimes called an annuity.
You can also:
 Calculate the present value of a single
deposit.
 Use present value calculations to
determine how much you would need to
deposit so you can take a specific
amount of money out of your savings
account for a certain number of years.
You can use these calculations to determine
your retirement age.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Achieving Your Financial Goals
Throughout your life you will have many
different financial needs and goals.
By learning to use your money wisely now, you
will be able to achieve many of those goals.
Financial planning involves:
 Choosing a career
 Learning how to protect and manage the
money you earn
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Strategies to Achieve Your Financial
Goals
By using the following eight strategies, you can
avoid many common money mistakes:
 Obtain
 Plan
 Spend Wisely
 Save
 Borrow Wisely
 Invest
 Manage Risk
 Plan for Retirement
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Developing and Using a Financial Plan
A good personal financial plan includes:
 Assessing your present financial
situation
 Making a list of your current needs
 Deciding how to plan for future needs
You can design a plan on your own, hire a
financial planner, or use a good moneymanagement software program. Making your
financial plan work takes time, effort, and
patience, but you will develop habits that will
give you a lifetime of satisfaction and security.
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Section 1.2
Opportunity Costs and Strategies
Financial Planning
When developing and using a financial plan,
you can:
 Design a plan on your own.
 Hire a financial planner.
 Use a good money-management
software program.
Making your financial plan work takes time,
effort, and patience, but you will develop habits
that will give you a lifetime of satisfaction and
security.
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Key Term Review











personal financial planning
goals
values
opportunity cost
liquidity
service
good
economics
economy
supply
demand









Federal Reserve System
inflation
consumer
interest
time value of money
principal
future value
annuity
present value
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Reviewing Key Concepts
1.
Explain personal financial planning and its importance.
Personal financial planning is arranging to spend, save, and
invest money to live comfortably, have financial security, and
achieve goals. Planning your personal finances is important
because it will help you to reach your goals, no matter what they
are. Some of the benefits of planning are:




You have more money and financial security.
You know how to use money to achieve your goals.
You have less chance of going into debt you cannot
handle.
You can help your partner and support your children, if
you have a family.
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Reviewing Key Concepts
2.
Describe the six strategies of financial planning.
The six steps of financial planning are

Determine your current financial situation

Develop your financial goals

Identify your options

Evaluate your alternatives

Create and use your financial plan of action

Review and revise your plan
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Reviewing Key Concepts
3.
Describe the factors that affect personal financial decisions.
The three most important factors that influence your
day-to-day decisions about finances are:



Life situations
Personal values
Economic factors
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Reviewing Key Concepts
4.
Explain opportunity costs and how they might affect your
personal financial decisions.
An opportunity cost is what is given up when making one choice
instead of another. Whenever you make a choice, you have to
give up, or trade off, some of your other options.
You should consider both personal and financial opportunity
costs before making your financial decisions and plans.
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Chapter 1
Personal Financial Planning
Reviewing Key Concepts
5.
List eight strategies for achieving financial goals.
The following are eight strategies for achieving financial goals:

Obtain

Plan

Spend Wisely

Save

Borrow Wisely

Invest

Manage Risk

Plan for Retirement
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Newsclip: Internet Planning
If your knowledge about personal finance is limited, being Web
and tech savvy will help you learn more. Finance is a frequent
topic on the news and is easy to research.
Log On Go to finance07.glencoe.com and open Chapter 1.
Learn more about financial decisions and strategies. Write ways
you can learn more about finance.
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