“Nation on the Brink”
Part I
Origins of the American Civil War
Guiding Question:
Was the Coming of The
American Civil War
Inevitable?
Why or Why not?
The Origins of the Conflict:
The Revolutionary Generation’s arguments were the
beginning of sectional divisions: 1775-1820
The Origins of the Conflict:
States Rights vs.
Strong National Government
Slavery is on the Backburner
The Origins of the Conflict:
Our first Government, The Articles of Confederation
Emphasized States Rights but was very weak
The Origins of the Conflict:
The New Constitution gave more power to the
National Government and Included a “Supremacy”
Clause (National Laws are Supreme if there is a
CONFLICT with state laws.) (Instructions on Cornell Notes)
Activity Page 1
After Video
Write a prediction
What happens between 1808 and 1855
That postpones the Civil War?
4-8 sentences Elbow partners can work together
Henry
Clay
3 minute pause
Video on Henry Clay: http://youtu.be/yiBHk9eFWWA
The Missouri Compromise:
The End of the Beginning
In the early Republic conflict
emerges over how to decide if
slavery allowed in U.S. territories.
(EXPANSION ISSUE)
Henry
Clay
3 minute pause
Video on Henry Clay: http://youtu.be/yiBHk9eFWWA
The Missouri Compromise:
The End of the Beginning
Henry
Clay
1820 Congress attempts to Resolve Issues
Line 36° 30’ Latitude divides US in Half
Divided territories into Slave and Free 3 minute pause
Henry Clay wrote it (Speaker of the House)
Put off slavery issue until it collapsed due to
Conflict between Slavery men and Free Soilers
in Kansas
Video on Henry Clay: http://youtu.be/yiBHk9eFWWA
The Missouri Compromise:
The End of the Beginning
Henry
Clay
1820 Congress attempts to Resolve Issues
Line 36° 30’ Latitude divides US in Half
Divided territories into Slave and Free 3 minute pause
Henry Clay wrote it (Speaker of the House)
Put off slavery issue until it collapsed due to
Conflict between Slavery men and Free Soilers
in Kansas
Video on Henry Clay: http://youtu.be/yiBHk9eFWWA
The Elections of 1824 and 1828:
A Second Revolution?
Debate: Who is qualified to be President?
Who elects the President? Average Joe Vs. The Elite
United States is Changing: Population Spreads South & West
Contested Election: No Majority So it Goes to the House of
Representatives to Decide who is elected
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/candidate.html
The Elections of 1824 and 1828:
A Second Revolution?
Four Men Split the Vote
1.Andrew Jackson
2. John Quincy Adams
3. William Crawford
4. Henry Clay
The Popular Will? Who gets Elected? John Quincy Adams
View of the People: This was a Corrupt Bargain
Power Notes
SO WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT FOR THE WAR?
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/candidate.html
Andrew Jackson and The Power of the
Presidency
So what does Any of this have to
Do with the Civil War
Jackson Played a Major Role in creating the
Modern Presidency
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/first_modern_president.html
His actions led to many Issues which shaped
and paved the Road to the Civil War:
The Bank of the United States: To o much
power outside Public accountability. Economic
power outside the electoral process not acceptable
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/prophet.html
 The Tariff and States Rights: Slavery debated
behind the cloak of States Rights , Taxes and
Economics NOT morality are the issues to Jackson
Indian Removal : Opened the West to White
Settlement and Manifest Destiny
“I
Squashing the Abolitionist Movement
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/defender_union.html
was Born for a storm and
calm does not suit me.”
Fill Out Power notes
Nullification
• : The Tariff and States Rights:
The legal theory that a U.S.
State has the right to nullify, or
invalidate, any federal law
which that state has deemed
unconstitutional.
• The theory is based on a view
that the sovereign States
formed the Union,
• And as creators of the compact
hold final authority regarding
the limits of the power of the
central government
• Referred to as States Rights in
numerous speeches and
editorials
http://www.pbs.org/kcet/andrewjackson/alife/defender_union.html
Mr. Nullification
John C. Calhoun of
South Carolina
You Ought to be in Pictures
• What is happening in this painting?
• It is large with lots of elements
• Divide it into sections to analyze
a) Central Figure: Does she look Familiar?
b) Right (East?)
c) Central
d) Left (West?)
e) Make a list of what you see and begin to
think about what its purpose might be
f) Use the 5 Ws to help you
Manifest Destiny
 What does this phrase mean?
Frederick Jackson Turner “The Frontier in
American History” Historian who wrote in the
last half of the 19th century(Discuss his writings)
Results:
-Conflicts with Native Americans
- Texas and the Mexican War
- “The Pig War” Conflict with Great Britain
(June 15, 1865 San Juan Islands)
So What does it have to do with the Civil
War? (Map Activity)
War with Mexico
• 1840s Period of unprecedented growth: US territorial
size increases by 60%
• Why?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Dreams of a Contiguous Nation
Want New Lands for Immigrants
Growing Slave Population
Lucrative Trade with Asia
Invention of the Telegraph
Opened Texas to foreign Immigrants 1823
• 1846-1848 Mr. Polk’s War begins
• Many of the players for the Civil War present!!
• Becomes a military LABORATORY and WORKSHOP
for the Commanders of both sides in the Civil War!
http://www.pbs.org/kera/usmexicanwar/resources/video_library.html
The Pig War: Conflict
between Great Britain
and The United States
over Ownership of
San Juan Island. The
only casualty was a
pig in a potato patch
but George Pickett
and some British
Man-O-Wars almost
got in a shooting
match and Winfield
Scott himself had to
defuse the situation.
In hindsight , it
could have led to
British recognition
of the South in the
Civil War.
“Nation on the Brink”
Part II
Origins of the American Civil War
The United States in 1850
Parallel Societies
 Urban vs. Rural
*Use Vocab Squares
 Agricultural vs. Industrial
 Statistics tell us a lot
 Types of Resources: *Resource Activity- LTPS
a.Capital b.Human Capital c.Natural
 North vs. South: Ratios?
1. larger population (21.5 million, compared to 9 million),
2. more factories (110,100, compared to 20,600),
3. larger bank deposits ($207 million, compared to $47
million),
4. more horses (4.2 million, compared to 1.7 million)
*Graphing Homework
Types of Resources









Slaves
Cotton
Farm Acreage
Factories
Railroad Lines
Population
Tobacco
Banks Deposits
Industrial Workers









Merchant Marine
Wheat
Cattle
Shipyards
WestPoint Graduates
Food Production
Immigrants
Bank Stock
Value of Farm Land
Urbanization
•
In 1860, New York City
had a population of 813,660.
• Philadelphia 565,529
• Boston 177,840
• St. Louis 160,773
• Chicago 112,172
Of the top 25 cities by population in 1860, only 5 were
located in the South and only 2 ranked in the Top 10
• Baltimore ranked 4th with a population of 212,418
• New Orleans ranked 6th with a population of 168,675
• Louisville ranked #12, with a population of 68,033,
• Charleston #22, population 40,522
• Richmond #25, population 37,910.
WHAT IS SIGNIFICANT ABOUT 2 of THESE CITIES?
What do These Numbers Mean for the North and South?
The Economy
years ago Mr. and
• During the first half of the • “Five
Mrs. Kirke Boott took up
19th century, economic
their residence at Lowell
differences between the
where there was then no
regions also increased.
building except one or
By 1860 cotton was the
two little hovels, but last
chief crop of the South,
night we went over very
and it represented 57
extensive cotton
percent of all U.S.
manufacturies that have
exports. The profitability
sprung up since that time,
of cotton, known as King
and on every side fresh
Cotton, completed the
ones are starting into life.
South's dependence on
This State is so very bad
the plantation system and
for agricultural purposes
its essential component,
that they are driven to
slavery.
manufactures to gain a
Primary Source
livelihood?”
Activity: Comparing
and Contrasting the
Rules
Make Your Own
Version
of this Pictograph.
What
statements can
be made
comparing the
resources of
the North and
South?
Use Ratios
To Answer.
Lowell Factory Complex
Cotton
GIN
Large
Plantation
“Nation on the Brink”
Part III
Origins of the American Civil War
Social and Cultural Issues






1.
2.
3.
Poor vs. Rich
Catholic vs. Protestant
Native vs. Immigrant
North vs. South
Free Soil vs. Slave
1856
Political Parties Divide over these Issues
* Add to
Whig
Vocabulary
Democrats
Squares
Result: Nativism/ Republican Party Develops
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/civilwar/lesson1/
Slave:



When one person is owned by another person
Synonym: Bondage
Legal in the United States until passage of the 13th
Amendment
 Cotton became profitable in 1793 with the invention of
the cotton gin and this led to expansion of slavery
 Foreign Slave Trade: Middle Passage outlawed in 1808
 Other Issues: Conditions/Health/Slave Codes
 Mental and physical abuse
 Famous Slaves:
Harriet Tubman
Fredrick Douglas
Dred Scot
*Add to
Vocabulary
Squares
Florida
Mammy
Increase and Spread of Slavery
Slave Populations: Change fro 1830 to 1860
• Alabama 119,121 to 437,770 •Maryland 107,499 to 90,374
• Arkansas 4,717 to 111,259
•Mississippi 65,659 to 436,631
• Delaware 3,292 to 1,798
•North Carolina 245,601 to 331,059
• Florida 15,501 to 61,745
•South Carolina 315,401 to 402,406
• Georgia 217,531 to 462,198
•Tennessee 141,603 to 275,719
• Kentucky 165,213 to 225,483 •Texas 58,161 to 182,566
• Louisiana 109,588 to 331,726 • Virginia 453,698 to 472,494
What Inferences
Can You Draw
from these
Statistics?
The
Economics
of Slavery:
Evaluate the
trends of
Slave Value
What
Effects might
these
Values have
on attempts
to resolve
the Slavery
Issue?
Popular Sovereignty
Vote
For Slavery!
To vote about an issue
Each territory’s population
would vote on Slavery
1830s-1850
Supported by most Southerners
Abolish
Failed as a compromise due to
Slavery!
opposition of abolitionists and
free soilers
Protest Sign Doodles
Abolitionist Movement
Abolish is root word which means to get rid of
or destroy
Describes those who wish to end slavery in
the United States
Developed in Churches and Reformers in
New England (North)
First half of 19th Century
William Lloyd Garrison is writer and speaker
who publishes his newspaper “The Liberator”
to spread the ideas of abolitionists.
Fredrick Douglas is a former slave who is a
gifted orator and writes his Autobiography to
publicize the abolitionist cause. North Star
Extremists like John Brown believed violence
was a justifiable means to the End of Slavery
Refusal to Compromise was important in
3 minute pause
causing the Civil War
Antislavery
Convention
1838
Compromise of 1850
 Written by Henry Clay
 Steered through Congress with help of Stephen
Douglas
 Attempted to settle several problems: a. What
kind of state would California be? b. New
Mexico? c. Texas border disputes with New
Mexico? d. Slavery in Washington D.C.? e.
Fugitive Slaves?
 5 parts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
California admitted as a free state
New Mexico decided by popular Sovereignty
New Mexico gets some Texas Territory
Slave Trade outlawed in D.C.
New Fugitive Slave law punished those who help
runaways
3 minute pause/ Activity
LTPS:
Thought
Bubble
Pause
“Nation on the Brink”
Part IV
Origins of the American Civil War
Uncle Tom’s Cabin
Written by Harriet
Beecher Stowe
Came from a prominent
abolitionist family
Published in 1852
Novel which showcased
all the evils of slavery
Became a bestseller
300,000 copies in the
First Year
Helped gain support for
the abolitionists
3 minute Pause
Sketch Book Cover
Kansas-Nebraska Act
 1854.
 It created two new territories that would
allow the states to use popular
sovereignty to determine whether they
*Look at Map!
would be free or slave.
 The real issue occurred in Kansas where
proslavery Missourians began to pour into
the state to help force it to be slave. They
were called “Border Ruffians.”
 Problems came to a head in violence at
Lawrence Kansas.
 The fighting that occurred caused it to be
called “Bleeding Kansas.” “Mini” Civil War
Stickman Cartoon
3 minute Pause
Republican Party
 Founded in 1856
 Combination of former Free Soilers,
Whigs, Northern Democrats
 #1 goal was to overturn the power
of the slave states and prevent the
spread of slavery to new territories
 First Presidential candidate was
John Fremont of California
 Overwhelmingly defeated in 1856
by Democrat James Buchanan
 Became a rallying place for
abolitionists and made southerners
nervous and suspicious
 Nominate Abraham Lincoln for
President in 1860
3 minute Pause
Campaign Buttons
Dred Scott
 Former Slave from Missouri
 Test Case in Supreme Court in 1856
 Slave moved to Free State is he now free?
 Justice Roger B. Taney wrote decision
 Slaves are not citizens and have no
standing in law to sue in Court
 Missouri Compromise is unconstitutional
 Violates 5th Amendment protection of Life,
Liberty, and property and DUE PROCESS
 Both sides used case as propaganda
 Abolitionist outraged/South believes this
proves their case for secession
Speech Bubbles
John Brown
 Radical Abolitionist “Appointed
by God”
 Used violence to oppose
slavery
 Massacre Kansas/Nebraska
Border with machete 1854
 Raid at Harper’s Ferry/ Virginia
Supposed Slave Uprising 1858
 Robert E. Lee Sent to Stop Him
 Raid was a failure, several
killed and he was captured
 Trial was a circus with
tremendous publicity
 Hung in Virginia/ Became a
Martyr and both sides used for
propaganda
3 minute pause
Doodles
Who are These Men?
Republican
Abraham
Lincoln
Illinois
Hannibal
Hamlin
Maine
Democrat (N)
Stephen
Douglas
Illinois
Herschel
Johnson
Georgia
Constitutional
Union
John Bell
Tennessee
Edward
Everett
Mass
Democrat (S)
John C.
Breckinridge
Tennessee
Joseph
Lane
Oregon
Election of 1860
http://atlas.lib.niu.edu/Website/Election_1860/viewer.htm?Title=1860%20Presidential%20
Election
The Election of 1860
• Abraham Lincoln received 1,866,000
votes and 180 electoral votes.
Republican from Illinois
• Stephen Douglass received 1,375,000
votes and 12 electoral votes. Northern
Democrat From Illinois
• John C. Breckinridge received 848,000
votes and 72 electoral votes. Southern
Democrat From Kentucky (VP)
• John Bell received 589,000 votes and 39
electoral votes. Constitutional Unionist
From Tennessee
Data Chart and Questions
“Nation on the Brink”
Part V
Origins of the American Civil War
Secession
act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or
political entity
Secession from the United States was declared in
thirteen states, eleven of which joined together to form
the Confederate States of America.
These eleven states were Virginia, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee, Arkansas,
Texas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida,
 This secession movement brought about the
American Civil War. The position of the Union was that
the Confederacy was not a sovereign nation but
instead a collection of states in revolt.
South Carolina is First in December 1860
3 minute Pause
“South Carolina is too small
for a republic and too large
for a lunatic asylum!”
South Carolina Attorney
James L Petigru
December 1860
What does this mean?
Was he for or against secession?
The War Begins: Fort Sumter
Located in Charleston Harbor in South Carolina
United States Army installation Commanded by Colonel
Robert Anderson
After Secession and the formation of the Confederate
states, South Carolina asked army to evacuate and turn
facility over to CSA
General Beauregard of the CSA ordered troops to begin
bombarding fort
Civil War officially begins at 4:30 am on April 12, 1861
Read from
Mary
Chesnut’s
Diary
“Failure to Compromise”:





Extremists on both sides refused to negotiate
Stopped listening to each other long before 1860
Southern slave-owners listened to “Fire eaters” who spoke of being
killed in your bed by slave rebellions paid for by the abolitionists
and painted Abraham Lincoln as a radical abolitionist who would
take their property, violate their rights, and ignore the Constitution,
Preached that their only option was secession.
The Republican Party convention which nominated Lincoln wrote
out a series of plans for the end to the spread of slavery and
believed slave owners would never voluntarily change their way of
life. Radical abolitionists who did not really speak for Lincoln
claimed they did. Lincoln spoke constantly on the importance of
preserving the Union and heard the shouts of the southern fireeaters for secession as a threat to destroy the United States.
The Buchanan Government and the military leadership of General
Winfield Scott was a total failure. Buchanan seemed to have
become paralyzed and did nothing to calm the flames of extremism
and fear on both sides. General Scott was too old and out of touch
to really judge the military situation. They called him “Old Fuss and
Feathers.” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GL1Lj09f3xk
Summary/Discussion: Essay Plan RAP
Guiding Question:
Was the Coming of The
American Civil War
Inevitable?
Why or Why not?