I. FIRST AMERICANS


The First Americans
came from Asia (Siberia,
Mongolia) across a land
bridge.
The Ice Age lowered
water levels, and when
it ended the Bering
Strait emerged
MIGRATION


These people were able
to migrate south as the
ice melted.
Eventually reached
southern tip of South
America, as many as 54
million in the Americas
total; 2,000 languages
ADVANCED CIVILIZATION


Incas – Peru; Aztecs –
Mexico; Mayas – Central
America
Human sacrifice –
5,000 to crown one
chieftain
REVIEW
How did first Americans get here, from where?
 What was the key factor in the migration?
 How many with how many languages?
 Name and locate 3 Native American
civilizations.
 What was the troubling Aztec practice?

II. SETTLING


Corn/maize cultivation
spread from Mexico
across the Americas.
Allowed people to settle
– Pueblo first in North
America; more
advanced
OTHERS


No North American
tribes compared to the
Aztecs (Mexicas)
Mound Builders of Ohio
Valley; Mississippian of
midwest (St. Louis), and
Anasazi of Southwest –
fairly advanced
MORE TRIBES


Cherokee, Creeks, and
Choctaw grew corn,
beans, and squash at
same time
Iroquois confederacy –
NE – MOOKS –
Mohawk, Oneida,
Onondaga, Cayuga,
Seneca
REVIEW



-
-
What started in Mexico and spread across Americas?
Who settled first in North America, and to what effect?
What tribe in:
Ohio Valley?
Midwest?
SW?
SE?
NE?
Name the five tribes of the Iroquois. What is a
confederation?
I. EUROPEANS COME TO AMERICAS


Leif Erikson, Norse
seaman, came in A. D.
1000 to Newfoundland,
but no settlement
Europeans wanted
Asian silk, drugs,
perfumes, draperies,
and spices after the
Crusades failed
WHY SAILING?


Cuts out Middle Men of
Arabian Peninsula or
Mediterranean Sea.
Marco Polo’s
descriptions of China
egged them on. (Put in
more formal terms on
an essay)
HOW SAILING


Portuguese used
compass, astrolabe,
and caravel to explore
west coast of Africa.
They bought gold and
slaves for sugar
plantations on African
coastal islands.
REVIEW
What Scandinavian came to Newfoundland in
1000?
 What did Europeans want from Asia?
 Why sail? Who first?
 Why were they able to sail?
 What did Portugal buy from West Africa?

II. FAMOUS EXPLORERS


Bartolomeu Dias
reached Southern tip of
Africa 1488.
Vasco Da Gama –
around Africa to India –
all of Asia was called
Indies
SPAIN


Spain united under
Ferdinand and Isabella,
and expelled the
Muslim Moors.
National power and
wealth, Renaissance,
the printing press all
spurred Spanish
exploration.
COLUMBUS


Italian, Genoan
Columbus convinced
King & Queen to give
him 3 ships.
Reached Bahamas
within 6 weeks, just
before mutiny
REVIEW
Who reached southern tip of Africa?
 Who sailed all the way to India and back?
 What was all of Asia called?
 Under whom did Spain unite?
 Who got kicked out of Spain?
 Name 4 causes of Spanish exploration.
 Where was Columbus from?
 How long did it take him to get there?

III. EFFECT OF COLUMBUS


He thought world was
smaller, Asia was closer,
and that he had found
some part of Asia.
America named after
Amerigo Vespucci, who
called it a “new world.”
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE


His voyage resulted in
globalization: Americas,
Africa, Europe
profoundly affected
Columbian Exchange –
Europe and Americas
brought much to each
each other
DETAILS OF THE EXCHANGE



Europe to Americas –
sugar, coffee, wheat,
rice, livestock, lots of
disease
Americas to Europe –
corn, potatoes,
tomatoes, tobacco,
vanilla, chocolate, gold,
silver
Africa to Americas slaves
REVIEW
What was Columbus’ mistake?
 Whom are we named after?
 How did globalization result?
 What was the Columbian Excange?
 Europe to Americas?
 Americas to Europe?
 Africa to America?

I. SPAIN’S SUCCESS


Lots of gold and silver in
Mexico, Peru.
Treaty of Tordesillas –
Spain and Portugal
divided the New World,
with Portugal getting
African/Asian land and
Brazil.
CONQUISTADORS


Conquistadors’ motives:
God, gold, and glory,
and escape from bad
past.
Balboa (1513) crossed
Panama claimed the
South Sea (Pacific
Ocean) for Spain.
OTHERS


Ferdinand Magellan
(1519-1522) crossed
Strait of Magellan with 5
ships, was killed in
Philipines; 1 ship
circumnavigated entire
globe.
Juan Ponce de Leon’
died in search of
fountain of youth in
Florida
REVIEW
What did the Spanish find in Mexico and Peru?
 What were the 3 motives of conquistadors?
 Who called the Pacific Ocean the South Sea?
 Whose crew circumnavigated the world?
 Where was Magellan killed?
 Who died searching for the fountain of youth?
Where and how?

II. THE LAST CONQUISTADORS


1540-1542 Francisco
Coronado searched for
golden cities in
Southwest;found adobe
Pueblos, Grand Canyon
and a zillion buffalo.
Hernando de Soto
searched for gold from
Florida to Arkansas;
used mastiffs on N.
Americans
PIZARRO AND ECONOMICS


1532 Pizarro crushed
the Incas.
Lots of silver caused
huge inflation in Spain
EFFECTS


Banks in Spain and
Italy, merchants in
France and Holland
flourished.
Trade with Asia grew
and was affordable.
REVIEW
Who searched for what in the Southwest?
What did he find?
 Tell about De Soto.
 Explain Pizarro’s conquest and its effect.
 What happened to prices, banking, and trade?

III. CORTES


Cortes left from Cuba
and landed on Cozumel
off Yucatan Peninsula,
then to Tenochtitlan.
Taught Mayan by
Spanish slave and
Native slave Malinche
(“malinchista” means
“traitor” in Spanish)
TACTICS


Burned his ships, got
20,000 Native allies.
Montezuma’s gifts
made Cortes
(Quetzalcoatl?) want
gold more.
FALL OF THE AZTECS


Cortes laid siege to
Tenochtitlan, which fell
in 1521.
Smallpox reduced Aztec
population from 20
million to 2 million
within a century.
REVIEW
Describe Cortes’ route.
 Who helped him?
 The ships?
 Tell about Montezuma.
 Explain the siege and disease.

IV. SPANISH AMERICA


Produced lots of gold
and silver, missions,
Lima and Mexico City
universities 85 years
before Harvard
Challenged by English
John Cabot, Frenchmen
Verrazano and Cartier.
SPANISH NORTH AMERICA


Spanish founded St.
Augustine 1565, first
European colony in
North America, for
protection and
conversion
Catholic missions set up
in SW, Texas at Alamo,
From San Diego to San
Francisco by late 1700s
WEST


Missions – lost culture
and legs; Pueblo
uprising 1680s
temporarily expelled
Spanish
Las Casas and the
Black Legend – awful
treatment of natives
REVIEW
Spanish America’s major achievements?
 What English and French explorers came first?
 First North American colony?
 What and where were most missions?
 What problems were at the missions?
 What was the Black Legend?

V. NORTH AMERICAN COMPETITION


North America 1600
largely untouched.
English Jamestown
1607; French Quebec
1608; Spanish Santa Fe
1610.
ENGLAND


Henry VIII broke from
Catholic Church to get
divorce.
Queen Elizabeth
established Church of
England and ruled
1558-1603
IRELAND


Elizabeth suppressed
Irish Catholic uprising
1570s/80s.
Protestant landlords
treated Irish native
“savages” ruthlessly.
REVIEW
Name 3 new colonies early 1600s.
 Explain English church conflict
 When did Elizabeth reign?
 Where was the first native revolt?

I. AAARRRGGHH! AAIIIEEEEE!


English Sea
Dogs/privateers
(pirates) led by Sir
Francis Drake
plundered Spanish
shipping.
Drake circumnavigated
the world and was
knighted by Elizabeth.
LOST COLONY OF ROANOKE


Sir Walter Raleigh
persuaded Elizabeth to
fund an expedition
landing on Roanoke
Island, off North
Carolina.
1st try – everyone left;
2nd try – disappeared Croatoan
ENGLAND DEFEATS SPANISH ARMADA


1588 Phillip II wants
gold back and attacked
England with Spanish
Armada
Sea Dogs and
“Protestant wind”
defeated the Armada;
decline of Spain/rise of
England
REVIEW
Who led the sea dogs? What did Elizabeth do?
 Roanoke – who and where?
 What happened at/to Roanoke?
 How did England beat Spain?

II. READY FOR ENGLISH COLONIES


1600 – 4 million pop;
enclosure movement for
sheep/wool industry
Who’s leaving?
Unemployed farmers,
primogeniture/younger
sons, and those seeking
religious freedom
VIRGINIA


1606 – King James I
granted a charter to the
Virginia Company (named
after Queen Elizabeth
1558-1603) to explore
North America.
Va Company was a jointstock company, investors
wanting gold (not
colonies) and passage to
Asia
FIRST SUCCESSFUL COLONY


First successful colony,
Jamestown, after James
I, in 1607.
After being attacked
inland, 100 men settled
on banks of James
River, easy to defend
but malarial
DEATH


Original settlers
wouldn’t work; mass
starvation and disease,
ate dogs, cats, rodents,
corpses, and one wife.
60/400 survived
starving time;
1000/5500 first few
years
REVIEW
Who wanted to come to the New World?
 What joint-stock company?
 Named after whom and why?
 Advantage and disadvantage of Jamestown’s
location?
 Why so much suffering?
 Describe starving time.

III. JOHN SMITH AND POWHATAN


Captain John Smith took
over Jamestown in
1608: “Don’t work,
don’t eat.”
Chief Powhatan allowed
Pocahontas to “save”
John Smith in a mock
execution to show
power.
POWHATAN WARS


Jamestown fought two
major wars against the
Powhatan, who were
considered extinct by
1689.
The first war ended with
the marriage of
Pocahontas to John
Rolfe, who would be
killed in the second war.
NATIVE STRUGGLES


Powhatan problems:
disease,
disorganization,
disposability.
Tribes disintegrated and
fought each over trade
with colonists;
Algonquians and Lakota
benefited
REVIEW
Who saved Jamestown politically, how?
 How did Powhatan, Smith, and Pocahontas
interact?
 What was John Rolfe’s role in the wars?
 What did in the Powhatan?
 How did natives try to adapt to colonists?
Which tribes benefited?

I. GOVERNMENT AND ECONOMICS


John Rolfe introduced
tobacco to Virginia
Saved colony, ruined
natives, caused slavery.
WORKERS


The first workers on
tobacco plantations
were were indentured
servants – worked for 7
years (their indenture)
1619 the first Africans
arrived to work on
plantations; 14% of
colony by 1700.
VIRGINIA HOUSE OF BURGESSES


1619 - The colonies’
first instance of selfgovernment was Virginia
House of Burgesses.
1624 – King James
revoked Virginia
Company’s charter,
making it royal colony
REVIEW
Who saved Jamestown economically?
 What was the effect of tobacco?
 What two groups worked on tobacco
plantations?
 What’s ironic about the year 1619?
 What did King James do to Jamestown?

II. OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES: MARYLAND


Maryland was 4th
colony, second
plantation colony
Lord Baltimore –
George Calvert –
founded it as a Catholic
haven.
PROTESTANTS AND TOBACCO


Large estates for
Catholics, but small
Protestant farmers
rebelled.
Tobacco plantations
were worked by
indentured servants
first, slaves later
TOLERATION?


Catholics supported
1649 Act of Toleration –
toleration for all
Christians.
Death penalty for Jews
and atheists; Maryland
had most Catholics
REVIEW
What was the second plantation colony?
 Who founded it, for whom?
 What crop? Who dominated? Who worked the
crop?
 What did the Toleration Act say?

III. WEST INDIES


England claimed several
West Indian islands,
including Jamaica in
1655.
Sugar was the tobacco
of West Indies –
required wealthy
planters and lots of
work.
SLAVES


Quarter million in
1600s, outnumbered
whites 4:1.
Worst slave
codes/treatment of the
African diaspora here –
no punishment for
killing a slave
SLAVE CODES ELSEWHERE


Carolinas imported
slave codes of West
Indies.
West Indies served as
staging ground for
encomienda and slave
code system.
REVIEW
Name an English W. Indian claim.
 What crop? How was it different from tobacco?
 How many slaves? How did this affect the slave
codes?
 Who imported the slave codes?
 What was the encomienda?

IV. OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES


Carolina – named after
Charles II, founded
1670
Founded to supply W.
Indies with food; rice
became main export
NATIVES AND SLAVES


Colonists and Savannah
Indians caught native
slaves; sent to W. Indies
and New England
Carolinians killed most
of the Savannah before
they could leave for
Pennsylvania
ECONOMICS AND CULTURE


W. African slaves had
experience growing rice
in swampy areas.
Charlestown, the
seaport, practiced
religious toleration, was
thriving and diverse
REVIEW
Carolina – when and named for whom?
 Main export?
 Tell the short sad story of the native slave
trade.
 Why African slaves?
 Why the diversity?

V. OTHER SOUTHERN COLONIES


Poverty-stricken
discontents left Virginia
for N. Carolina, est.
1712; tobacco farmers
w/few slaves (RI South)
Carolinians defeated
and dispersed
Tuscarorans and
Yamassee tribes.
GEORGIA


Last colony founded
1733 by James
Oglethorpe for debtors,
no slavery
Named for George II,
Buffer against Spanish
Florida and Fr.
Louisiana
GEORGIA CULTURE


Savannah was melting
pot like Charlestown
Tolerated all Christians
but Catholics; Methodist
founder John Wesley
was missionary
REVIEW
What Church did Queen Elizabeth create?
 What’s the difference between a Puritan and a
Pilgrim?
 What did the Pilgrims sail on, where did they
land, and what colony did they establish?
 What colony did the Puritans establish, and
what happened to the Plymouth colony?

I. NORTH


Each region had
different government,
economies, and values.
South settle for $; North
for religious devotion
CALVINISTS


Martin Luther – Calvin –
predestination - The
“elect” were going to
heaven, and did good
works to prove it.
Puritans wanted only
the visible saints
allowed into the church.
PROBLEMS WITH JAMES


Church of England let in
anyone, so Separatists
vowed to start a new
church.
James – spiritual
defiance leads to
political defiance –
harassed the
Separatists.
REVIEW
What was the difference in goals of southern
and northern settlement?
 How did Martin Luther effect us?
 How did Calvin’s teachings affect his followers?
 What did Puritans want to change about the
Church of England?
 What did Separatists want to do, and how did
King James react?

II. PILGRIMS


Separatists in Holland
12 years, then
Mayflower.
Landed on Plymouth,
outside Va. Company
domain – “squatters.”
MAYFLOWER COMPACT/GOVT


Mayflower Compact –
agreement to form
government and obey it.
Gov. William Bradford
elected 39 times
THANKSGIVING


58/102 died the first
winter, but nobody went
home.
Good fall harvest – first
Thanksgiving/Squanto
and Massasoit– fur, fish
and lumber
REVIEW
Where did the Separatists live first?
 How did they get here?
 Why sign the Mayflower Compact?
 Explain William Bradford politics.
 How bad was first winter? What celebration?
 What was Plymouth economy based on?

III. MASSACHUSSETTS BAY


Non-Separatists
Puritans secured royal
charter for
Massachusetts Bay
Colony, est. 1630
20,000 to Mass. Bay in
1630s; 50,000 to
Barbados sugar
plantations.
THE NEW ENGLAND


First Governor John
Winthrop – “city on a
hill” – Protestant work
ethic/calling
Prospered – fishing,
timber, shipbuilding
industries
DEMOCRATIC AND THEOCRATIC?


All freemen (2/5) could
vote for leaders; at town
governments/town
meetings – all property
owners could discuss
issues and vote.
Purpose – enforce
God’s laws, but
Clergymen couldn’t hold
political office.
REVIEW
Mass. Bay – when and by whom?
 Where else did Puritans go?
 Who was the first Governor?
 What were some Mass. Bay ideals?
 How democratic?
 How theocratic?

IV. PURITAN INTOLERANCE


Quakers flogged or
killed; Anne Hutchinson
expelled after
bamboozling her clerical
inquisitors.
Hutchinson left for
Rhode Island, killed in
New York
RHODE ISLAND


Roger Williams wanted
separation from Church
of England, separation
of church and state, and
Indian compensation.
In “Rogue’s Island”
(1636, 1644) he
allowed complete
religious freedom and
universal manhood
suffrage.
OTHER PLACES



Thomas Hooker and
other Boston Puritans
settled Connecticut
1639.
Maine absorbed by
Massachusetts Bay
1677.
Fishing, trading, desire
for land led to NH 1679.
REVIEW
What was the problem of:
 The Quakers?
 Anne Hutchinson?
 Roger Williams?
 How was Rhode Island different?
 Who and why:
 Connecticut?
 New Hampshire?
 Maine - why not?

V. NEW ENGLAND TROUBLES


Pequot War 1637 –
English/Narragansett
burned/slaughtered
Pequot village.
1675 – King Phillip’s
War – Metacom/King
Phillip attempted Native
unity – hundreds dead,
Metacom beheaded
and piked.
NEW ENGLAND CONFEDERATION/UNITY


1643 Puritan NE
colonies – not RI or
Maine – cooperated on
defense, extradition.
Restoration – Charles II
– Ct and RI charter,
Mass charter revoked
1684
DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND


By crown, for defense
and Navigation laws –
trade only with England;
smuggling resulted.
Gov. Edmund Andros
suppressed town
meetings, enforced
Navigation laws,
taxation w/o rep. until
Glorious Revolution
brought salutary neglect
REVIEW
What happened in Pequot War?
 How was Metacom/King Phillip different?
What resulted?
 What was the difference between New England
Confederation and Dominion of New England?
 Who was Sir Edmund Andros?
 What were the Navigation Acts?
 What was salutary neglect?

I. MIDDLE COLONIES


With English help,
Netherlands got
independence from
Spain late 1500s.
Dutch fought 3 wars
with England 1600s.
HENRY HUDSON


Dutch East India
company sent Henry
Hudson to New World
1609.
Explored Hudson River,
which wasn’t a
Northwest Passage.
DUTCH COLONY


Dutch W. India Company
established New
Netherland around
Hudson River 16231624.
Bought Manhattan
Island for pennies an
acre.
REVIEW
Dutch independence when?
 Dutch wars with whom?
 Dutch E. India Company sent who to look for
what?
 Dutch West India Company bought what, for
how much?
 Original name of colony?

II. NEW AMSTERDAM


Illiberal government , no
religious dissent,
patroonships – feudal
estates on the Hudson.
Cosmopolitan/diverse
population – 18
languages heard
CONFLICT


Wall against Indian
attack built around
Manhattan Island (Wall
Street).
Director-General Peter
Stuyvesant pushed
Swedes out of area in
1655, but surrendered
to James, Duke of York
(Charles II’s brother) in
1664
RENAMED NEW YORK


England removed Dutch
Wedge and controlled
from Maine to
Carolinas.
Dutch contributions:
Harlem, Brooklyn,
Easter eggs, Santa
Claus, waffles, bowling
skating, sleighing, golf
REVIEW
What was attractive and unattractive about
New Netherlands?
 Dutch v. Indians?
 Dutch v. Swedes?
 Dutch lost to what Englishman?
 New name?
 Dutch contribution?

III. QUAKERS OF PENNSYLVANIA


Quakers – society of
friends – no titles,
preachers, all equal,
“quaked” with emotion
Pacifist, passive
resistance, turn the
other cheek; often
persecuted in England
WILLIAM PENN


Flogged by father
(whom the King owed
money) for his faith
Pennsylvania – “Penn’s
woodland” – wanted
name change, 1681
QUAKER IDEALISM


Philadelphia – “city of
brotherly love” - Treaty
with Indian Chief
Tammany– used as
babysitters.
Tolerated warlike
Scotch-Irish,
undermining Indian
policy
REVIEW
Tell about Quakers.
 How did Dad help and hurt William Penn?
 Meaning of “Philadelphia?”
 What was the Indian policy, and what
undermined it?

IV. PENNSYLVANIA SHAPES MIDDLE COLONIES


Religious toleration, but
Catholics and Jews
couldn’t vote or hold
office.
No military, slavery, or
immigration restrictions,
and 3rd largest
population (Mass, VA)
PENNISH COLONIES


West and East Jersey
settled partially by
Quakers, combined
1702 into New Jersey.
Delaware, with many
Quakers named for De
La Warr but assembly
was under Governor of
Pennsylvania
BREAD BASKET COLONIES


Exported food/grain,
lumbering, shipbuilding
Tolerant governments,
diverse populations
(seaports NY Philly),
medium sized
landholding (except
aristocratic NY)
REVIEW
How tolerant was Pennsylvania?
 How big was Pennsylvania?
 How did New Jersey come to be?
 Who settled in Delaware?
 Compare the Middle Colonies to New England
and the South.
