The Kingdoms of Life
18.5 Five Kingdoms (cont.)
• In grouping species by kingdom, biologists
consider several key questions:
–
–
–
–
–
Is the organism a prokaryote or a eukaryote?
Is it an autotroph or a heterotroph?
Does the organism develop from an embryo?
Is it unicellular or multicellular?
What is its general structure and function?
The Kingdoms of Life
18.5 Five Kingdoms (cont.)
• The kingdom Fungi includes heterotrophs
that absorb small molecules from their
surroundings through their outer walls.
Most fungi are multicellular, have cell walls composed of a
tough carbohydrate called chitin, reproduce by forming
spores, and are decomposers.
Fungi include yeasts, molds, bracket fungi, and mushrooms.
Fungi Structure
A rapid
growing
filament
A network of hyphae
Types of Fungus
There are four phyla
in the fungus kingdom.
1. Zygomycota
2. Ascomycota
3. Basidiomycota
4. Deuteromycota
http://www.doctorfungus.org/
Zygomycota
Includes bread mold.
Most live in the soil and feed on
dead animals and plants.
Some are parasitic of
plants or insects
Ascomycota
Includes yeasts, the powdery
mildews, black and blue-green
molds,
Over 50,000 species of this type
Basidiomycota
Blackberry rust infecting
the plant
Includes mushrooms, puffballs, pore fungi,
and the fungi that cause smut and rust in
plants.
Deuteromycota
“Loner group”
Miscellaneous
Fungi
Athletes foot fungus
Example of Ringworm
Called Fungi Imperfecti (known to
create Roquefort and Camembert
Cheeses)
Other Deuteromycota include…
Athletes foot
Ringworm
The Kingdoms of Life
18.5 Five Kingdoms (cont.)
• The kingdom Plantae contains photoautotrophic
multicellular eukaryotes that develop from embryos.
Mosses, ferns,
conifers(gymnosperms), and
flowering plants (angiosperms)
all belong to this kingdom.
Members of the kingdom Plantae:
(a) a moss, genus Polytrichium
(b) a fern, Cystopteris fragills
(c) Douglas fir,
Pseudotsuga menziesli
(d) sand lily,
Leucocrinum montanum
Plant Reproduction
• Pollen grain is a two-celled
structure that contains a cell
that will divide to form sperm.
• Pollen is carried by wind and
animals to female reproductive
structures.
• A seed is a storage device for a
plant embryo. Hard coat
protects it from drying out.
• In the right conditions a seed
develops into an adult plant.
Classification of Plants
Moss
emerald green, do not produce seeds, no vascular
system, grow close to ground or on tree trunks and absorbs water
nutrients directly
Ferns are modern seedless plants, depend on water for
reproduction, vascular system allows the plants to grow above
ground and get materials from the soil.
Seed Plants
(cone-bearing plants and flowering plants)
gymnosperm
• Can reproduce without freestanding water
• Seeds nourish and protect plant
embryos
• Seeds allow plants to disperse to
new places
Gymnosperm: seed plant
whose seeds are not enclosed
in fruit.
Angiosperm: seed plant that
has seeds enclosed in some
type of fruit.
angiosperm
Seeds and Fruit
When a seed develops, the
surrounding ovary grows into a
fruit. A fruit is a mature ovary
of a flowering plant.
Apples, watermelons, cherries,
sweet peppers, tomatoes, and
cucumbers are fruit.
Flowering plants that produce
many seeds within one ovary
have larger fruit.
Example:
Three Types of Lifespans
Annual: Flowering plants that
mature from seeds, produce
flowers, and die in one year.
Biennial: Flowering plants that
take two years to complete
their life cycle.
Perennial: Any plant that lives
more than two years. Most
woody plants are perennials.