MR. RICHARDS JOKE OF THE DAY!!
Q: If April showers bring May
flowers, what do May flowers
bring?
JOKES ARE FUN
Pilgrims!
PLANTS, WHAT ARE THEY?
Key Terms:
Cuticle
Spore
Sporophyte
gametophyte
PLANTS, WHO CARES??
Humans depend on plants in many
ways.
All types of plant parts are eaten as
food.
Without plants many other organisms
could not exist.
WHAT IS A PLANT?
Plants are the dominant group of
organisms on land based on mass!!!
Individual plants range from less than
2mm tall up to 328 feet tall!!
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE A PLANT?
Plants are:
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Their Cells have cell walls
4. Autotrophs that produce their own food
through photosynthesis.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
You are experts at this point on
photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis is the process by which
plants make organic materials from
inorganic materials.
The do this by using energy from the sun
and carbon dioxide.
WHERE DID PLANTS COME FROM?
Plants evolved from multicellular
green algae.
On land minerals, light and carbon
dioxide are readily available at the
soil surface.
What may be in short supply that
plants need to survive?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Where in a plant cell does
photosynthesis occur?
What do plants need to survive?
PLANTS THE NEW KIDS ON THE BLOCK
Water! Water is the answer
Good job Tayshon
QUESTION
What are the four key characteristics
of a plant?
What do you need for
photosynthesis?
NON VASCULAR PLANTS
Do not have a xylem or phloem.
These plants will grow close to the
soil surface.
They photosynthesize only when
water is available.
NON VASCULAR PLANTS
These plants will stop
photosynthesis when the soil
surface dries out.
They can survive losing most of the
water from their bodies and can
quickly resume photosynthesis
when water returns
VASCULAR PLANTS
These are the plants that you are more familiar
with.
Vascular plants can photosynthesize even when
the soil surface is dry.
These plants have roots that obtain water from
the soil and have specialized tissue to
transport this water to the rest of the plant.
VASCULAR PLANTS
This same vascular tissue ( xylem and
Phloem) also transport organic
molecules produced by photosynthesis
from the leaves to the roots.
SO WHY COULD PLANTS MAKE IT ON LAND?
To make it own land plants had to be able :
1.to absorb nutrients from their surroundings
2. avoid drying out
3. have a way of dispersal that did not require water.
ABSORBING NUTRIENTS
On land most vascular plants absorb
nutrients through their roots.
What is the mutualistic relationship
between a plants roots and a fungus?
PREVENTING WATER LOSS
Plants have a water tight covering that reduces
water loss.
This made it possible for plants to live in dry
habitats.
This covering is called a cuticle.
CUTICLE HELPS PLANTS SURVIVE
A cuticle is a waxy layer that covers the
above ground parts of most plants.
Roots obtain water from the soil and the
cuticle helps to keep the water in.
DISPERSAL ON LAND
Aquatic algae released cells that
drifted in water currents.
The earliest plants produced
single cells called spores.
How are spores dispersed?
DISPERSAL
Some plants still produce spores.
Seed plants produce a special kind of
spore called pollen.
Pollen transports sperm to eggs.
WERE YOU LISTENING?
What is the waxy layer on parts of plants called
that helps prevent water loss?
What is the mutualistic relationship between
plant roots and a fungus?
Write down three factors that
allowed for the survival of
plants on land!
PLANT LIFE CYCLES
Remember plants evolved from multicellular green algae.
What is a Sporophyte?
What is a gametophyte?
MR. RICHARDS JOKE OF THE DAY
If fruit comes from a fruit
tree, where does chicken
come from?
JOKES ARE FUN
A poul-tree!
WHAT ARE FOUR THINGS THAT MAKE YOU A
PLANT?
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF YOU ARE A PLANT?
Plants are:
1. Multicellular
2. Eukaryotic
3. Their Cells have cell walls
4. Autotrophs that produce their own food
through photosynthesis.
What are three things
that made plants able
to survive on land?
SO WHY COULD PLANTS MAKE IT ON LAND?
To make it own land plants had to be able :
1.to absorb nutrients from their surroundings
2. avoid drying out
3. have a way of dispersal that did not require water.
SEEDLESS PLANTS
When you think of a
plant what is the
first thing that
comes to mind?...
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Remember nonvascular plants do not
have a xylem or phloem and grow close
to the ground.
Can you think of an example of a non
vascular plant.
NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Moss is a type of nonvascular plant.
Non vascular plants are small plants that reproduce by
using spores.
They lack true roots stems and leaves. These are
complex structures that contain vascular or
conducting material ( xylem and phloem)
NON VASCULAR PLANTS
So non vascular plants have no complex conducting
structures ( xylem and phloem), how do they get
water and nutrients from one place to another?
NON VASCULAR PLANTS
In non vascular plants water and nutrients move
from one part of the plant to another through
osmosis and diffusion.
This is why these plants are small and close to
the ground.
Water and nutrients can only be moved short
distances through these methods.
MOSSES
These are probably the nonvascular plants that
everyone is the most familiar with.
The leafy green plants that you recognize as
mosses are gametophytes.
This means they are Haploid or Diploid Circle one
MOSSES
Mosses consist of a cuticle, stomata, and
simple conducting cells.
Because these cells carry water only short
distances mosses never get very large
LIVERWORTS
Like mosses liverworts grow in mats of
many individual plants
LIVERWORTS
Liverworts have no cuticles, no
stomata and no conducting
cells.
HORNWORTS
HORNWORTS
Hornwots are a small group of
nonvascular plants.
They lack conducting cells of any
kind.
They do however posses both a
cuticle and a stomata.
DID YOU LEARN WHAT YOU NEED TO
I have no conducting
cells, no stomata and
no cuticle…..
Who am I?
DID YOU LEARN WHAT YOU NEED TO
I have a cuticle , stomata,
and conducting cells…..
Who am I?
DID YOU LEARN WHAT YOU NEED TO
I have no conducting cells but have both a
cuticle and stomata….
Who am I?
REPRODUCTION IN NONVASCULAR PLANTS
Like all plants, nonvascular
plants have a life cycle
characterized by alternation of
generation
REPRODUCTION
In the life cycle the gametophyte
is the dominant generation.
Gametophytes are
haploid or diploid Circle one
REPRODUCTION
Gametophytes must be covered by a film
of water in order for fertilization to occur.
Gametophytes produce gametes in two
separate structures.
REPRODUCTION
The structure that produces eggs is called
archegonium (ahr kuh GOH nee uhm)
The structure that produces sperm is
called antheridium (An thur Id ee uhm)
LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSS
LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSS
As you can see from the diagram a moss sporophyte
grows from a gametophyte.
The sporophyte consists of a bare stalk with a spore
capsule or sporangium at its tip
There fore the spores are produced are
haploid or diploid circle one
LIFE CYCLE OF A MOSS
The spores are released and carried away by the wind.
When the spores land on the ground it germinates and
grows into a leafy looking green gametophyte.
The moss grow in tightly packed clumps.
When water covers the ground sperm can swim to
nearby Archegonium and fertilize the eggs inside.
TIME FOR AN OPEN NOTE QUIZ
1. How is water transported in nonvascular plants?
2. Why are nonvascular plants usually small?
3. Which of the three nonvascular plants you learned
have no cuticle no stomata and no conducting cells?
4. Which structure produces the male sex cells in
nonvascular plants?
5. Which structure produces the male sex cells in
nonvascular plants?
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Vascular plants that do not produce seeds are
called seedless vascular plants
Sporophytes of seedless vascular plants have
vascular tissue but gametophytes do not.
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
Because they have vascular tissue it will
allow the sporophyte generation of
seedless vascular plants to
grow_________________________
Also these plants develop roots stems and
leaves
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
The much smaller gametophyte of seedless vascular plants do not
have a vascular system and therefore will grow on or below the
ground
Just like nonvascular plants seedless vascular plants will require
water for fertilization to occur.
When enough water is covering the plant the sperm can swim to the
egg.
2 TYPES OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
1. Club mosses
2 TYPES OF SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS
2. Fern and fern relatives
CLUB MOSSES
Unlike true mosses ( which are
nonvascular) Club mosses have roots,
stems and leaves.
Their leafy green stems branch from an
underground rhizome.
JOKES OF THE DAY
What do you give to a sick lemon?
JOKES ARE FUN
Lemon aid!
CLUB MOSSES
A rhizome is a horizontal underground
stem.
FERN AND FERN RELATIVES
These are the most common and familiar
seedless vascular plants.
The plants that we all recognize as ferns
are sporophytes.
STRUCTURE OF FERN SPOROPHYTE
STRUCTURE
The coiled young leaves of a fern are
called fiddleheads
Spores are produced in
sporangia on the lower side
of the fronds
GAMETOPHYTE OF FERN
Remember the gametophyte form of
seedless vascular plants lack vascular
tissue
Therefore , the gamtophyte generation of a
fern is usually less than 1 cm across.
SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS ARE IMPORTANT
About 300 million years ago seedless vascular plants
were the most common plants on earth.
Many of these were very large tree ferns.
When these giant tree ferns died they became buried
and formed carbon rich coal deposits.
Coal is a very important fuel used today.
This period in history was called the Carboniferous
period.
FERN LIFE CYCLE
REPRODUCTION IN SEEDLESS VASCULAR
PLANTS
Like nonvascular plants, seedless
vascular plants can reproduce
sexually only when a film of water
covers the gametophyte.
REPRODUCTION IN SEEDLESS VASCULAR
PLANTS
Some ferns may have a sporophyte that is as large as
a tree while the gametophyte of ferns is less than 1
cm across.
The archegonia and antheridia develop on the lower
sideof the gametophytes.
In most species of seedless vascular plants the egg
and sperm are produced on the same individual.
JOKES OF THE DAY
What did the baby corn say to the
mama corn?
JOKES ARE FUN
Where’s POP?
SEED PLANTS, THIS IS WHAT YOU LEARN!
What are two groups in which seed plants are
classified?
What characterizes reproduction in seed
plants?
What are four major groups of living
gymnosperms?
What characterizes reproduction in a conifer?
SEED PLANTS
Most plants living today are seed
plants.
Seeds helped with dispersal and
survival in land plants.
KINDS OF SEED PLANTS
The first seed plants appeared on the
scene 380 million years ago
Seed plants are broken up into two
groups:
•
Gymnosperms
•Angiosperms
GYMNOSPERMS
Gymnosperms are seed plants who’s seeds do
not develop within a fruit.
Gymnosperm comes from the greek words
gymnos meaning naked and sperma meaning
seed.
GYMNOSPERMS
The seeds of most gymnosperms
develop within a cone.
Who can think of an example of a
gymnosperm?
ANGIOSPERM
Angiosperms are seed plants who’s seed
are enclosed with a fruit.
The word angiosperm comes from the
greek words angeion meaning case and
sperma meaning
________________________.
ANGIOSPERM
Fruit develops from a part of
a flower.
Therefore, angiosperms are
flowering plants!
SEED PLANTS
What is the difference between
gymnosperms and angiosperms in terms
of seed production?
REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS
Reproduction in seed plants is very different
form that of seedless plants.
Remember seedless plants require water to
reproduce sexually.
REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS
Reproduction in seed plants is characterized by
a dominant sporophyte generation and a small
gametophyte generation.
The gametophyte of most seed plants is so small
you often need a microscope to see them.
REPRODUCTION IN SEED PLANTS
Sporophytes produce two kinds of
spores that develop into two kinds
of gametes:
Female gametes that produce eggs
Male gametes that produce sperm.
FEMALE GAMETOPHYTE
The female gametophyte develops inside
an ovule.
An ovule is a structure of a seed plant that
contains a female gametophyte and
develops into a seed after fertilization.
MALE GAMETOPHYTE
The male gametophyte develop inside of a
pollen grain
POLLINATION
Pollination is the transfer of pollen grains
from the male reproductive structures of
a plant to the female reproductive
structures.
Wind or animals transport pollen grains to
the structures that contain ovules.
FERTILIZATION
When a pollen grain reaches a compatible female reproductive
structure a tube emerges from the pollen grain.
This tube is called a Pollen Tube.
The pollen tube grows to the female gametophyte inside the ovule
and enables sperm to pass directly to the egg.
The fusion of an egg and sperm is called fertilization.
WERE YOU LISTENING
Where do gametophytes develop in
seed plants?
SEED FORMATION
After fertilization the ovule becomes a seed and
contains an embryo.
A seed is a complex structure.
SEED STRUCTURE
The outer layer of the seed is called the
seed coat.
The seed coat is a tough shell that
protects the seed from injury and the
environment.
The seeds also contain tissue that
provides nutrients to the embryo. This
tissue is called endosperm.
SEED DISPERSAL
Seeds are dispersed or scattered from the
parent plant to locations where the embryos in
the seed develop into new sporophytes.
Dispersal may prevent competition for water,
nutrient and living space between the parent
and offspring.
Many seeds have structures that help wind
water or animals carry them away.
TIME TO THINK!
What are some ways that plants
are able to get the seeds to
greater distances ?
(think about different seeds you
have seen)
GONE WITH THE WIND
Many conifer seeds have wing like
structures that act like propellers as
the seeds fall to the ground.
Fruits of maple trees also have
wings!!
THE WIND
Dandelions have a parachute like
structure that helps their seeds
float through the air.
DISPERSAL BY ANIMALS
What are ways that animals may
move seeds?
You can probably think of at least
two
HERE IS THE ANSWER.
I’VE GOT QUESTIONS
How does seed dispersal benefit plants?
GYMNOSPERMS
Remember gymnosperm means naked seed. So no fruit.
There are four major groups of Gymnosperms:
1. Conifers
2. Cycads
3. Ginkgoes
4. Gnetophytes
CONIFERS
These are the most familiar gymnosperms.
• Conifers have needle like leaves.
• They are some of the tallest and oldest
plants.
• Pine trees.
• Pollen is dispersed by wind
CYCADS
Cycads have short stems and palm like
leaves.
They are widespread throughout the
tropics.
The pollen of most cycads are dispersed
by wind.
CYCADS
GINKGOES
There is only one living species of ginkgo
tree.
It has fan shaped leaves.
The male and female gametophyte
develops on separate trees.
Ginkgo seeds do not develop within a cone
Pollen is dispersed by wind
GINKGO
When the seed of a ginkgo tree falls off it smells like
rancid butter or vomit.
This is why it is very important to know whether you are
getting a female or male tree.
Which would you want in your yard, male or female?
GNETOPHYTES
The gnetophytes is a diverse group of
trees, shrubs, and vines that produce
seeds in cones.
Example: Welwitischia.
MORE QUESTIONS!!!!!
Which of the four gymnosperms have seeds that do not develop in a cone?
How is pollen of most gymnosperms dispersed?
What about the pollen of Cycads?