27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT
• By the 1960s….
• 1/3 of married women
were working but
traditional stereotypes
were still very strong
• Women were increasingly
resentful
• Paid less for same job
• 75% of female workforce
was in lower paying jobs
(clerical, factory, house
cleaning…)
27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT
• Workplace Rights
• JFK’s Commission on the
Status of Women (ER)
highlighted many problems
• Led by Eleanor Roosevelt
• Equal Pay Act (1963)
• Outlawed paying men
more than women for the
same job
• Does outlawing something
end it?
27.1 – ORIGINS OF THE MOVEMENT
• The Feminine Mystique
• Written by Betty Friedan in 1963
• Describes feelings of discontent
among women
• General sense of being “unfulfilled”
among women – is there more to life
than this?
• Sparked discussions, “conscious
raising sessions” among women
• Friedan interview
THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT AND WOMEN
• Women were included in the Civil
Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII)
• This outlawed job discrimination
on the basis of race, color, religion,
national origin and gender
• Equal Employment Opportunity
Commission (EEOC) was put in
charge of enforcing it
• Even they ruled in ‘65 that gendersegregated help-wanted ads were OK
NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN
• NOW – founded by Friedan and
others in 1966
• Founded to pursue feminist goals
• Focused/focuses on…
•
•
•
•
•
Education
Women in the workplace
Wage gap
Equal Rights Amendment
Public relations (Ms. Magazine
edited by Gloria Steinem)
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT
• Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
• Passed by Congress in 1972
• “equality of rights under the law
shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any State
on account of sex”
EQUAL RIGHTS AMENDMENT
• Amendments need to be ratified by
at least 38 states (75%)
• 35 ratify but then opposition grows, it
has never been passed
• Opponents argue….
• It would take away some traditional
rights, such as alimony & single sex
colleges
• Women would now be drafted
• Does it apply to same-sex marriage?
• Phyllis Schlafly leads the Stop-ERA effort
EQUALITY IN EDUCATION
• The Feminist Movement sought to
ban discrimination in education
• Educational Amendments – a
collection of laws passed in 1972
• Includes Title IX – prohibits federally
funded schools from discriminating
against females in all areas of
schooling
• ex. Admissions, sports
• Benefits of Title IX
• Problems with Title IX?
TITLE IX
• “…no person in the United States shall, on the basis of sex, be
excluded from participation in, or denied the benefits of, or be
subjected to discrimination under any educational program or
activity receiving Federal financial assistance…”
• – Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972
ROE V. WADE
• All about reproductive rights
and privacy…..or is it?
• Early in U.S. history some
abortions were allowed
• By the mid-1800s many states
began passing laws prohibiting
abortion except in instances to
save the mother’s life
• Until 1973 the issue of abortion
was left up to the states
ROE V. WADE
• Roe v. Wade Case (1973)
1. State gov’ts can’t
regulate abortion in the
first 3 months of
pregnancy (woman’s right
of privacy)
2. During the 2nd 3 months
states can regulate on the
basis of the mother’s
health
3. States can ban abortion
in the final 3 months
except in case of medical
emergency
ROE V. WADE
• This decision sparked a
major debate in our nation
as between Pro Life and Pro
Choice advocates
• The battle over this decision,
and others related to it,
continues today
• It is entwined/connected
with many other issues such
as the Civil Rights and
Feminist Movements….why?
SINCE ROE V. WADE
• New cases and
technological
developments continue
to affect this issue
• Planned Parenthood v.
Casey (1992)
• States could place some
restrictions on all
abortions (such as?)
• Struck down some other
laws (such as?)
• Pennsylvania abortion
laws
IMPACT OF THE FEMINIST MOVEMENT
1.
More women attending college
2.
More careers outside the home, huge
gain in professional jobs (doctors,
lawyers)
3.
Two working parent homes are much
more common
4.
More child care offered in the workplace
5.
More flexible hours offered in the
workplace
6.
More female athletes in high school,
college, and pros
----- not all great…..ex. there is still a wage gap
LATINO AMERICANS ORGANIZE
• Most LA’s live(d) in the
Southwest
• Originally the large majority
came from Mexico
• By the mid 1900s they were
arriving from a greater variety
of nations
• Ex. Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras
• Some LAs began to form
organizations to fight for their
civil rights and against
discrimination
LATINOS MIGRATE NORTH
• Mexican immigration began to rise
a great deal in the 20th century
• Why?
• Mexican Revolution (1910)
• 1930 – 90% of those with Mexican
heritage lived in TX, CA, AZ, NM
and CO
• During the 1910s and 1920s many
ethnic Mexicans headed to cities in
the Midwest and North in search of
jobs
MEXICANS FACE DISCRIMINATION
• Many Mexicans lived in barrios – what
were these?
• By the 1930s most Mexicans in Los
Angeles lived in small, run down
housing with high rates of infant
mortality and disease
• In the first half of the 20th century
most Mexicans living in the
West/Southwest suffered
discrimination
• Could only find low paying jobs
• Experienced residential segregation
FEDEARL GOV’T AND LATINOS
• The Great Depression and WWII
affected the lives of Mexicans
living in the United States
• Repatriation – forced
deportations; seen as competition
for limited amount of jobs
• Bracero Program – Mexican
workers received short term, low
wage jobs to fill the labor shortage
• 1954 – IKE launched a program to
deport illegal Latino Americans
(problems with this program?)
OTHER LATINOS ARRIVE
• Puerto Ricans
• Many started to arrive after WWII
• Citizens of the U.S. since 1917
• Most PRs settled in New York and experienced
discrimination
• After the Cuban Revolution of 1959
thousands of Cubans began emigrating to
the U.S.
• Many settled in Florida (Miami)
• How were they treated, why?
• In 1960 3 million Latinos arrived in the U.S.
• By the late 1960s over 9 million had arrived
• What impact would this have on American
society?
• Projections of Hispanic population in the U.S.
• Latinos by State
• Hispanic population in our area