THE BODY

• Body Tissue
– Collection of cells that work together to perform a particular function
– 4 Main Types
1. Muscle
2. Nervous
3. Epithelial
4. Connective

• Cells that can contract
– 3 types
1. Skeletal: moves bone *voluntary*
2. Smooth: uncontrolled movements *invol*
• Ex: movement of food
3. Cardiac: heart muscle *invol*

• Cells receive and transmit messages
• Makes up the brain, spinal cord, and nerves
• Also in some sensory organs

• Layer of cells that line or cover all internal and external body surface
• Various thicknesses
• Skin: layer of dead cells

• Binds, supports, and protects structures in the body
• Most abundant and diverse
– Ex: bone, cartil., tendons, fat, blood, lymph
• Matrix: intercellular substance; solid, semisolid, liquid

• Body Cavities
– Protect delicate internal organs from injury
– 4 Main body Cavities
1. Cranial: encases brain
2. Spinal: surrounds spinal cord
3. Thoracic: heart, esophagus, and respiratory organs
4. Abdominal: digestive, reproduct, excretory organs
• Diaphragm: muscle that separates thoracic and abdom

• About 206 bones
• Axial Skeleton: skull, ribs, spine, sternum
• Appendicular skeleton: arms, legs, scapula, clavicle, pelvis
• Function
1. Rigid frame work
2. Store minerals for metabolic process
3. Produce RBS and some WBC

• Makes up less than 20% of body mass
• Moist living tissue
1. Periosteum: tough membrane, covers bones surface; contains vessels and nerves
2. Compact bone: hard material, thicker layer
• Osteocytes: living bone cells
– Osteoblasts: bone forming
– Osteoclasts: bone destroying (Allow to Grow)

3. Spongy Bone: hard and strong
• Bone marrow:
– Red: produce RBC
– Yellow: fat cells (nrg reserve); can be converted to RBC
• Fracture: if circul is maintained and periosteum survives healing will occur

• Where 2 bones meet
• 3 types of joints
1. Fixed
2. Semimovable
3. Moveable (most)

• Prevents movement
– In the skull

• Limited movement
– Vertebrae, ribs

• Hinge joint
– Move forward and backward. Ex: elbow, knee
• Ball-and-Socket
– Move up, down, forward, backward, rotate in circle. Ex: shoulder
• Pivot joint
– Side to side, “yes, no” Ex: top 2 vert
• Saddle Joint
– Rotate and grasp Ex: ankle

• Joint Structure
– Ligaments: holds bone to bone (LBB)
– Synovial fluid: lubric substance helps protect the ends of the bones from damage by function
– Arthritis: painful, swollen joints
1. Rheumatoid arthritis: immune syst attacks body
2. Osteoarthritis: degen joint disease

• Phalanges
• Carpal
• Metacarpal
• Sternum
• Xiphoid process
• Costal Cartilage
• Calcaneus
• Talus
• Femur
• Tibia
• Fibula
• Radius
• Ulna
• Tarsals
• Patella
• Scapula
• Clavicle
• Humerus
• Metatarsal

• Coccyx
• Ilium
• Pubis
• Ischium
• Sacrum
• Foramen magnum
• Temporal bone
• Maxilla
• Mandible
• Zygomatic bone
• Frontal Bone
• Nasal Bone
• Mastoid Process
• Occipital Bone
• Parietal

Ankle / high ankle
• Anterior talofibular ligament
• Tibiofibular ligament
Knee
• Anterior Cruciate Lig. (ACL)
• Posterior Cruciate Lig. (PCL)
• Tibial Collateral Lig.
• Fibular Collateral Lig.
• Lateral meniscus
• Medial meniscus

• 1/3 of weight (33%)

• Tendon: attach muscle to bone (TMB)
• Origin: point where muscle attaches to the bone
“Stationary” ex: scapula
• Insertion: point where muscle attaches to the bone “moving” ex: forearm
• Muscles arranged in opposing pairs
– Flexor
– Extensor
• Move bones by pulling (sarcomere shortens in length)

• Physiological inability of a muscle to contract
• Nrg
– Glucose, glycogen, fat
• Fatigue
1. Glycogen is converted into lactic acid
2. As the acid accumulates pH lowers
3. Muscle loses ability to contract

• Trapezius
• Gastrocnemius
• Gluteus Maximus
• Latissimus dorsi
• Deltoid
• Biceps brachii
• Triceps brachii
• Pectoralis major
• Rhomboid
• Iliacus
• Internal Intercostals
• Rectus abdominis
• External oblique
• Diaphragm
• Sternocleidomastoid
• Sartorius
• Biceps femoris
• Soleus
• Rectus femoris
• Masseter

• Skin, hair, nails
1. Protect body from outside world
2. Retain body fluids
3. Protect against disease
4. Eliminate waste
5. Regulate body temp

• One of the largest organs
• 2 layers
1. Epidermis
2. Dermis

• Outer layer of skin
• Mostly dead cells
• Keratin: protein, gives skin rough, leathery, waterproof quality
• Melanin: brown pigment
– Absorbs harmful UV radiation
– Amounts depend on 2 factors (heredity, UV exposure)
– Increase is a response to injury by UV
– UV can damage DNA and lead to skin cancer

• Inner layer of skin
• Living cells and specialized structures
1. Sensory neurons
2. Blood vessels
3. Muscle fibers - - “Goose bumps”
• Hair rise to look bigger
• Increase amount of air between hairs to increase body temp

4. Glands
• Sweat: cool body
• Oil: soften skin, water proofing
5. Fat (right below dermis)
• Nrg reserve
• Protective layer
• insulation

• Nails
– Composed mostly of keratin
– 1 mm / wk
– Shape, structure, and appearance may be an indicator of disease or poisoning
• Hair
– Protect and insulates body
– Produced by Hair follicles
– Dead keratin filled cells
– Oil is secreted to keep hair from drying out
– Hair color: melanin “hereditary”

• Sweat: cooling system by evapor
• Oil:
– Sebum: prevents water loss, moistens skin and hair, mildly toxic to bacteria