LAB EXERCISE 8
MEMBRANES
Membranes
• Membranes
– Line or cover body surfaces
– Consist of epithelium supported by
connective tissue
• Four Types of Membranes
1. Cutaneous membrane
2. Mucous membranes
3. Synovial membranes
4. Serous membranes
Membranes
• Cutaneous membrane
–
–
–
–
Covers surface of body
Skin
Relatively thick, waterproof, and dry comparatively
Tissues Include
» Stratified squamous epithelium
» Dense irregular connective tissue
» Loose areolar CT
Membranes
• Mucous membranes
– Line organs that communicate to the outside
– Located in digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts
– Epithelial surfaces must be moist
• To reduce friction
• To facilitate absorption and excretion
» Lubricated by mucus or bodily fluids
– Supported by areolar connective tissue of the lamina
propria
Membranes
Synovial membranes
– Line moving, articulating joint cavities
– Produce synovial fluid (lubricant)
– Protect the ends of bones
– Lack a true epithelium
Membranes
• Serous membranes
– Line cavities that do not open to the outside
– Mesothelium supported by areolar connective tissue
• Are thin but strong
– Have a liquid fluid called transudate to reduce friction and
allows the viscera to slide somewhat during movements.
Membranes
• Serous membranes
– Have a parietal portion covering the cavity
– Have a visceral portion (serosa) covering the organs
– Three subdivisions of ventral body cavity
• Pleura
– Line pleural cavity and cover the lungs
• Peritoneum
– Line peritoneal cavity and cover visceral organs
• Pericardium
– Line pericardial cavity and cover the heart
Serous Membranes
Pericardium
Pleura
Serous Membrane
Peritoneum
• Peritoneum
– Largest serous membrane
of the body
– Visceral layer
• Covers organs
– Parietal layer
• Lines the walls of body
cavity
• Peritoneal cavity
– Slim space containing a
bit of serous fluid between
the parietal & visceral
layers
Abdominal Organs
• Retroperitoneal organs
– These organs are posterior to the
peritoneum and lose their
mesentery
• Kidneys, Pancreas and parts
of the large intestine
• Intraperitoneal organs
– Digestive organs that remain in
the peritoneal cavity and maintain
their mesentery
• The rest
MEDICAL IMAGING
• A specialized branch of anatomy and physiology that
is essential for the diagnosis of many disorders is
medical imaging, one division of which is
radiography, which includes the use of x-rays.
• Medical imaging techniques allow physicians to peer
inside the body to provide clues to abnormal anatomy
and deviations from normal physiology in order to
help diagnose disease.
Conventional Radiography
• A single burst of
xrays
• Produces 2-D
image on film
• Known as
radiography or
xray
• Poor resolution of
soft tissues
• Major use is
osteology
Computed Tomography (CT Scan)
• Moving x-ray beam
• Image produced on a
video monitor of a crosssection through body
• Computer generated
image reveals more soft
tissue detail
– kidney & gallstones
• Multiple scans used to
build 3D views
Digital Subtraction
Angiography(DSA)
• Radiopaque material
injected into blood
vessels
• Before and after
images compared
with a computer
program
• Image of blood
vessel is shown on a
monitor
Ultrasound (US)
• High-frequency sound
waves emitted by handheld device
• Safe, noninvasive &
painless
• Image or sonogram is
displayed on video monitor
• Used for fetal ultrasound
and examination of pelvic &
abdominal organs, heart
and blood flow through
blood vessels
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
• Body exposed to high-energy
magnetic field
• Protons align themselves
relative to magnetic field
• Pulse of radiowaves used to
generate an image on video
monitor
• Can not use on patient with
metal in their body
• Reveals fine detail within soft
tissues
Positron Emission
Tomography(PET)
• Substance that emits
positively charged particles
is injected into body
• Collision with negatively
charged electrons in tissues
releases gamma rays
• Camera detects gamma
rays & computer generates
image displayed on monitor