WARNING
• Is a life – threatening condition
• When large amounts of fats are metabolized for
energy.(the body uses fat instead of glucose for fuel)
• When fat is broken down, chemicals called KETONES
are produced. They get into a person's blood and
urine .
• High levels of KETONES cause the blood to become
more acidic.
• This happens in improper fasting or diet, and high
protein diets.
Symptoms of KETOACIDOSIS
• nausea, vomiting, belly pain, fast
breathing, and, in severe cases,
unconsciousness.
• The odor of ACETONE can be detected on
the persons breath.
• People with KETOACIDOSIS need to get
emergency medical treatment.
Precautions
• Proper DIET & EXERCISE and MEDICAL Check – up.
• Monitor a person on a very low-carbohydrate diet.
• Normally, your body gets the energy it needs from
CARBOHYDRATE in your diet. However, stored fat is
broken down and KETONES are made if your diet
does not contain enough carbohydrate to supply the
body with sugar (GLUCOSE) for energy or if your
body cannot use blood sugar glucose properly.
• KETONES test in blood or urine.
• KETONE (pronounced as key tone) is an
organic Functional Group characterized
by a CARBONYL group (O=C) linked to
two other carbon atoms.
• FUNCTIONAL GROUP in which two organic
substituents are bonded to a CARBONYL.
R1
O
║
C
R2
KMnO4
K2Cr2O7
O
║
KMnO4
CH3 – CH – CH3 --------→ CH3 – C – CH3
OH
H2O
O
║
CH3 – C ≡ CH
H2 – O --------→ CH3 – C – CH3
H3C
CH3 – CH – CH3
H3C OH
C ≡ CH
H3C
CH3
│
C═O
H3C
H3C
H3C
OH
O
O
║
║
CH3 – C – C – CH3
O
║
HO – CH2 – C – CH2 – OH
• KETONES are water clear, highly mobile liquids with a
characteristic odour.
• They are chemically very stable.
• Due to the carbonyl group, KETONES are hydrogen acceptors
and have an outstanding solvency.
• This makes KETONES more volatile than alcohols and
carboxylic acids of similar molecular weight.
• A carbonyl group is polar. This makes KETONES polar
compounds.
• The carbonyl groups interact with water by hydrogen bonding,
and KETONES are soluble in water.
Table of Comparisons
Class
Ketone
Example Molecular
weight
ACETONE
58
Boiling
Point
56 ᵒC
Solubility
in water
Soluble
Alcohol
2 - propanol
60
97 ᵒC
Soluble
Aldehyde Propanal
58
49 ᵒC
Soluble
Alkane
Butane
58
0 ᵒC
Insoluble
Carboxylic Acid
Acetic Acid
60.5
118 ◦C
Infinite
Therefore KETONES compares to Alcohol, Aldehyde, Alkane
and Carboxylic Acid are in D’ middle in terms in B.P. &
Solubility.
O
║
CH3 – C – CH3
O
║
CH3 – (CH2)3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH3
O
║
CH3
CH3 – CH – C – CH – CH3
3HC
O
║
C
O
║
C
(CH2)5 – CH3
O
(CH2)4 – CH3
║
CH3 – C – CH – C – (CH2)2 – CH3
CH3(CH2)4
O
║
CH2 ═ CH – CH2 – C – CH2 – CH3
O
║
CH3
OH O
║
CH3 – CH2 – CH ≡ CH – C – C – CH3
NO2
O
║
CH3 – C – CH2 – C – CH3
║
O
O
║
CH3 – C – (CH2)2 – CH2 – C – H
║
O
O
║
C – CH3
O
║
C
O
║
C – CH3
CH2
O
║
C
CH3CH2
CH3
O
║
OH
CH3 – C – CH3 + H – H --------→ CH3 – CH – CH3
OH
+ H – H --------→
H+
H+