Study Guide
Final Exam 2014
Spanish III Honors
Sr. Huller
THIS COMPLETED STUDY GUIDE IS WORTH 5-10 POINTS EXTRA CREDIT ON YOUR
FINAL EXAM.
(5=Complete….10=Complete and Very Accurate)
Seniors may leave campus after the exams are done for that particular day and will not have to return to class for the
remainder of the semester.
Seniors:
Underclassmen:
Friday, May 15th: 7th Period Exam
Monday, May 18th: 5th and 6th Period Exam
Tuesday, May 19th: 3rd and 4th Period Exams
Wednesday, May 20th: 1st and 2nd Period Exams
Friday, May 22nd: 1st and 4th Period Exams
Tuesday, May 26th: 2nd and 5th Period Exams
Wednesday, May 27th: 7th and 6th Period Exams
Thursday, May 28th:3rd Period Exam – Graduation 8 p.m.
Exam Grade Breakdown:
Moodle—Grammar
(60%)
Conversation with Sr. Huller
(via COMPUTER –randomly
chosen phrases from
conversation sheets) 10
questions
(15%)
Verb Conjugation 1-18 at
JayHuller.com
(25%)
Moodle:

About 80 grammar (fill-in-the-blank) questions on topics we’ve covered this year: ser vs., estar,
present subjunctive (including impersonals and subjunctive commands), past subjunctive, if
clauses, preterite vs. imperfect, present perfect, past perfect, the progressives, formal vs.
informal commands.
Conversation with Sr. Huller: (completed on or before Thursday, May 15thfor underclassmen,
Wednesday, May 14thfor Seniors)

I will ask you around 10 questions from the conversation sheets we’ve used this year, built into
to the computer program we use in class most days. Be sure you can properly respond to any
question WITH FLUENCY and ACCURACY. For students moving on to AP, I will likely ask you
follow-up questions or related ones.
Verb Conjugation:

Completed upon request. Study the list 1-18 on my website.
Page 1 of 25
Grammar Review/Practice
SER VS. ESTAR
Ser and estar can both be translated as "to be." Here is the English verb, fully conjugated:
to be
I am
you are
he/she is
we are
you-all are
they are
Notice that these two sentences can have different meanings in English.
The apple is green.
(Meaning the apple is not ripe.)
The apple is green.
(Meaning the color of the apple is green.)
In the first case, our example speaks of the condition of the apple. The apple is green because it
has not yet ripened. When the condition of the apple changes, that is, when it has ripened, it will
no longer be green, it will be ripe.
In the second case, our example speaks of the essential characteristics of the apple. The apple is
green in color. This particular apple remains green even after it has ripened.
In English, the verb "to be" can be used to tell how something is (the condition) and what
something is (the essence).
How is the apple?
It is unripe.
What color is the apple?
It is green.
In Spanish, a different verb is used to express "to be" depending on whether the speaker intends
to address a condition or an essential quality.
La manzana está verde.
The apple is green. (condition)
Page 2 of 25
La manzana es verde.
The apple is green. (essence)
Note how the adjective "verde" actually changes meaning, depending upon whether it is used
with ser or estar.
La manzana está verde.
(condition: verde = unripe)
La manzana es verde.
(essential characteristic: verde = color green)
To address condition, use estar. Estar is an irregular verb. It does not follow the standard rules of
conjugation for regular -ar verbs. Therefore, you must memorize it.
estar
estoy
estás
está
estamos
estáis
están
To address an essential quality, use ser. Ser is also irregular and must be memorized.
ser
soy
eres
es
somos
sois
son
If you are talking about what something is, use ser; if you are talking about how something is,
use estar.
What is she like?
She is quiet.
Use ser:
Ella es callada.
How is she acting?
She is being quiet.
Page 3 of 25
Use estar:
Ella está callada.
PRETERITE VS. IMPERFECT
Spanish has two past tenses: preterite and imperfect. Most verbs can be put into either tense,
depending upon the meaning. In this lesson, you will learn to conjugate regular -ar verbs in the
preterite and the imperfect. You will also learn the basic difference between the preterite and the
imperfect, so that you can begin using them correctly.
To conjugate regular verbs in the preterite, simply drop the ending (-ar, -er, or -ir) and add one of
the following:
-ar
é
aste
ó
amos
asteis
aron
-er
í
iste
ió
imos
isteis
ieron
-ir
í
iste
ió
imos
isteis
ieron
To conjugate regular verbs in the imperfect, simply drop the ending (-ar, -er, or –ir) and add one
of the following:
-ar
aba
abas
aba
ábamos
abais
aban
-er
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
-ir
ía
ías
ía
íamos
íais
ían
Compare the verb "hablar" conjugated in the preterite and the imperfect.
Preterite Imperfect
hablé
hablaba
hablaste hablabas
habló
hablaba
hablamos hablábamos
hablasteis hablabais
hablaron hablaban
Generally speaking, the preterite is used for actions in the past that are seen as completed. Use of
the preterite tense implies that the past action had a definite beginning and definite end.
Page 4 of 25
Juan habló de la una hasta las dos.
Juan spoke from one until two o'clock.
(clearly stated beginning and end)
It is important to realize that the beginning and the end may not always be clearly stated.
Juan habló dos horas.
Juan spoke for two hours.
(implied beginning and end)
Juan habló con la estudiante.
Juan spoke with the student.
(implied beginning and end)
Generally speaking, the imperfect is used for actions in the past that are not seen as completed.
Use of the imperfect tense implies that the past action did not have a definite beginning or a
definite end.
Las chicas hablaban en inglés.
The girls used to speak in English.
(no definite beginning or end)
You have now learned the basic difference between the preterite and the imperfect:


The preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.
The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.
In addition to stem-changing -IR verbs in the present tense that have spelling changes, there are
several groups that exchange letters in their stem for other letters.

UV (andar, estar, tener) - these verbs will exchange their stem vowel for uv
andar anduve anduviste anduvo anduvimos anduvisteis anduvieron
estar estuve estuviste estuvo estuvimos estuvisteis estuvieron
tener tuve

tuviste
tuvo
tuvimos
tuvisteis
tuvieron
U (caber, haber, poder, poner, saber) - these vowels will exchange their stem vowel for u
caber cupe cupiste cupo cupimos cupisteis cupieron
haber hube hubiste hubo hubimos hubisteis hubieron
poder pude pudiste pudo pudimos pudisteis pudieron
Page 5 of 25
poner puse pusiste puso pusimos pusisteis pusieron
saber supe supiste supo supimos supisteis supieron
I (hacer, querer, venir) - these verbs will exchange their stem vowel for i
hacer hice hiciste hizo* hicimos hicisteis hicieron
querer quise quisiste quiso quisimos quisisteis quisieron
venir vine viniste vino vinimos vinisteis vinieron
J (conducir, decir, traducir, traer) - these verbs will exchange their letter c and j
conducir conduje condujiste condujo condujimos condujisteis condujeron*
decir
dije
dijiste
dijo
dijimos
dijisteis
dijeron*
traducir traduje tradujiste tradujo tradujimos tradujisteis tradujeron*
traer
traje
trajiste
trajo
trajimos
trajisteis
trajeron*
Tú commands are the singular form of informal commands. To tell a friend, family member, classmate,
child, or pet to do something, use the affirmative tú command. To tell one of those same people not to
do something, use the negative tú command. This article covers the affirmative informal command
(informal imperative) in all its forms.


Compra (tú) los libros. (Buy the books.) - affirmative
No camines (tú) en el césped. (Don’t walk on the grass.) - negative
Affirmative Informal Tú Command Forms
For the familiar affirmative commands, you will simply use the 3rd person singular form of the
present indicative.
-AR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -a to the stem

(Comprar) Compra la camisa. (Buytheshirt.)
-ER verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem

(Aprender) ¡Aprende español! (LearnSpanish!)
-IR verbs: Add the 3rd person singular ending -e to the stem
Page 6 of 25

(Escribir) ¡Escribe el ensayo! (Write the essay!)
For verbs with stem changes or spelling changes in the present tense, the stem or spelling change
still applies.



(Cerrar) Cierra la puerta. (Close the door.)
(Mover) Mueve esas sillas. (Move those chairs.)
(Incluir) Incluye tu información aquí. (Include your information here.)
Irregular Affirmative Informal Tú Commands
All irregular 3rd person singular present indicative verbs keep that same irregularity in the
affirmative informal command except the following 8 verbs which have a special irregular form
in the affirmative command.
decir
ir
di
ve
salir
tener
sal
ten
hacer
poner
haz
pon
ser
venir
sé
ven
Pronoun Placement with Commands
Pronoun placement: the pronoun is attached to the end of affirmative commands and the verb
carries a tilde to maintain its original stress.




Tráemelo. (Bring it to me.)
Dígasela. (Tell it to her.)
Cómpraselo. (Buy it for him.)
Ponte los zapatos. (Put on your shoes.)
Punctuation to the Rescue!
Because the informal tú command (imperative) is the same conjugation form as the 3rd person
singular, it is helpful to include exclamation points to indicate urgency or the name of the person
you are commanding followed by a comma. Without the comma, your sentence is just the 3rd
person singular present indicative. Compare the following sentences written with different
punctuation:
•
•
•
•
Compra la camisa. (She buys the shirt.) – present indicative
¡Compra la camisa! (Buy the shirt!) - informal imperative
Alicia compra la camisa. (Alicia buys the shirt.) – present indicative
Alicia, compra la camisa. (Alicia, buy the shirt.) - informal imperative
Negative informal commands (negative informal imperative forms) are very different from
affirmative informal commands. They are actually more similar to the formal commands in that
they use the tú form of the present subjunctive of each verb.

No compres la camisa. (Do not buy the shirt.)
Page 7 of 25


No aprendas español. (Do not learn Spanish!)
¡No escribas el ensayo! (Do not write the essay!)
Always make sure you have a no or another negative word in front of the verb. This is what
makes it negative.
Another way to form the negative informal command if you already know your formal
commands, is to add an -s to the end of the negative formal command.
infinitive negative formal command negative informal command
comprar no compre
no compres
aprender no aprenda
no aprendas
escribir
no escribas
no escriba
Irregular Negative Informal Commands
There are no irregular negative informal commands. If a verb is irregular in the present
subjunctive, it maintains the same irregular form in the negative informal command as well.
Pronoun Placement
Pronoun placement: the pronoun precedes (goes before) the verb in negative commands and after
the negative word.



No te levantes antes de comer tu calabaza. (Don’t get up before you eat your squash.)
Nunca les compres dulces a los niños. (Never buy candy for the children.)
Nunca se los compres. (Never buy it for them.)
Formal Commands
Formal commands are used when addressing people in a formal manner. Use formal commands
when addressing people you do not know well, people older than you, or people that you
generally show respect (boss, teacher, priest, etc.) For all countries other than Spain, also use
these commands to address any group of people.
Singular (usted)



Pague la cuenta, por favor. (Pay the bill, please.)
Sea amable. (Be nice.)
Abra la ventana. (Open the window.)
Page 8 of 25
Plural (ustedes)



Damas y caballeros, pasen por aquí. (Ladies and gentlemen, go this way.)
Vengan más temprano mañana. (Come earlier tomorrow.)
Estudiantes, abran sus libros. (Students, open your books.)
Affirmative Formal Command Forms
All Ud. (usted) and Uds. (ustedes) commands are the same as the Ud. andUds. present
subjunctive forms.
infinitive
usted present
subjunctive
usted formal
command
ustedes present
subjunctive
ustedes formal
command
hablar
hable
Hable
hablen
hablen
comer
coma
coma
coman
coman
vivir
viva
viva
vivan
vivan
Irregular present subjunctive forms can be found in the article on the present subjunctive.
Pronoun Placement in Affirmative Formal Commands
Pronoun placement: the pronoun(s) is/are attached to the end of affirmative commands. To
preserve the original stress of the verb in case it has more than one syllable, a written accent is
added.


Tráigamelo. (Bring it to me.)
Cómalo. (Eat it.)
Negative Formal Commands
Negative formal commands couldn’t be easier. All you have to do is add a negative word such as
no in front of the affirmative formal command/usted present subjunctive form.



No saquen sus libros. (Do not take out your books.)
No ponga su bolsa aquí.(Do not put your purse here.)
No vengan mañana. (Do not come tomorrow.)
Pronoun Placement in Negative Formal Commands
Pronoun placement: the pronoun precedes the verb in negative commands and follows the
negative word.
Page 9 of 25



No se levante antes de leer el artículo. (Don’t get up before you read the article.)
Nunca les compre dulces a los niños. (Never buy candy for the children.)
Nunca se los compre. (Never buy it for them.)
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood. Tense refers to when an action takes place
(past, present, future), while mood merely reflects how the speaker feels about the action. The
subjunctive mood is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in Spanish.
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with food.
Subjunctive conjugation: he take
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.
Subjunctive conjugation: you be
If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.
Subjunctive conjugation: I were
No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.
I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo" introduces a quality of certainty, -- the speaker has
no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).
Let's make another slight change to our example:
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces a quality of uncertainty, -- the speaker does
have doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the second clause (vaya).
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything except certainty and objectivity: things like
doubt, uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
Since the above statement does not express certainty, the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the
second clause.
Page 10 of 25
The difference between indicative and subjunctive is the difference between certainty/objectivity
(indicative) and possibility/subjectivity (subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.
(This sentence merely states the certain, objective fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that John
goes to the store.)
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.
(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that
John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
I want John to go to the store.
(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John
goes to the store.)
I hope that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John
goes to the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.
(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker feels that there is uncertainty as to whether
John goes to the store.)
It's good that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
It's important that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker is about to express a subjective opinion.)
Because there must be some uncertainty or subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive, you
will usually see it in sentences that contain a main clause which introduces a quality of
uncertainty or subjectivity.
I hope she will come.
I hope = main clause
I know she will come.
I know = main clause
I feel she will come.
I feel = main clause.
Page 11 of 25
The above examples all have main clauses, but only the first and the third introduce an element
of uncertainty or subjectivity.
In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite helpful if one can first recognize such clauses. The
following is a list of clauses commonly associated with the use of the subjunctive:
a menos que ...
unless ...
antes (de) que ...
before ...
con tal (de) que ...
providedthat ...
cuando ...
when ...
convieneque ...
it is advisable that ...
en caso de que ...
in case ...
después (de) que ...
after ...
en cuanto ...
as soon as ...
dudar que ...
todoubtthat ...
es bueno que ...
it'sgoodthat ...
es difícil que ...
it'sunlikelythat ...
es importante que ...
it'simportantthat ...
esdudosoque ...
it is doubtful that ...
es imposible que ...
it'simpossiblethat ...
es increíble que ...
it'sincrediblethat ...
es (una) lástima que
.
it's a pitythat ...
esnecesarioque ...
it's necessary that ...
espreferibleque ...
it's preferable that ...
estarcontentoque
to be happy that ...
mandarque ...
to order that ...
no creerque ...
not to believe that ...
después (de) que ...
after ...
es aconsejable que
...
it'sadvisablethat ...
esfácilque ...
it's likely that ...
es improbable que
...
it's unlikely that ...
es malo que ...
it'sbadthat ...
esperarque ...
to wish that ...
es probable que ...
it's probable that ...
es terrible que ...
it's terrible that ...
más vale que ...
it's better that ...
no esciertoque ...
it's not certain that ...
esmenesterque ...
it's necessary that ...
esprecisoque ...
it's necessary that ...
es ridículo que ...
it'sridiculousthat ...
insistir en que ...
toinsistthat ...
negarque ...
to deny that ...
es fantástico que ...
it'sfantasticthat ...
es incierto que ...
it'suncertainthat ...
esmejorque ...
it's better that ...
no estarseguro de
que ...
to not be sure that ...
no esverdadque ...
it's not true that ...
no imaginarseque ...
to not imagine that ...
esposibleque ...
it's possible that ...
esraroque ...
it's rare that ...
hasta que ...
until ...
mientrasque ...
while ...
no estarconvencido
de que ...
to not be convinced
that ...
no parecerque ...
to not seem that ...
no pensarque ...
to not think that ...
pedirque ...
to ask that ...
quererque ...
to want that ...
sin que ...
without ...
no suponerque ...
to not suppose that ...
preferirque ...
to prefer that ...
recomendarque ...
to recommend that ...
sugerirque ...
to suggest that ...
ojaláque ...
if only he would ..
prohibirque ...
to prohibit that ...
rogarque ...
to plead that ...
tan pronto como ...
as soon as ...
paraque ...
in order that ...
puedeserque ...
it may be that ...
sentirque ...
to regret that ...
temerque ...
to fear that ...
Page 12 of 25
tenermiedo de que
...
to be afraid that ...
As you can see, the list is quite long, and this isn't even a complete list! There are even more
expressions that trigger use of the subjunctive that we haven't included. Instead of trying to
memorize such a long list, why not familiarize yourself with a much shorter list of expressions
with which the subjunctive is
Creer que ...
to believe that ...
Es evidente que ...
it is certain that ...
no cabe duda que ...
there's no doubt that
not used?
no dudar que ...
to not doubt that ...
Es obvio que ...
it is obvious that ...
no es dudoso que ...
it is not doubtful that
Es cierto que ...
it is certain that ...
Estar seguro que ...
to be sure that ...
no hay duda que ...
there is no doubt that
Es claro que ...
it is clear that ...
Es verdad que ...
it is true that ...
Since these expressions introduce a quality of certainty, they do not trigger the use of the
subjunctive.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause
introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will use the indicative mood in the
second clause, since the sentence will be reporting something certain.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause followed by a second clause, and the main clause
does not introduce a quality of certainty or objectivity, the sentence will usually use the
subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the sentence will not be reporting something
certain.
USE THE SUBJUNCTIVE IN CLAUSES PRECEDED BY:
1. an expression of INFLUENCE (indirect
command):*
2. an expression of EMOTION:*
3. an expression of DOUBT or DISBELIEF:
4. an expression of DENIAL:
Quieren que funcione.*
Es bueno que funcione.*
No creen que funcione.
No es verdad que funcione.
Buscan un programa que
5. a hypothetical or nonexistent person or thing:
funcione.
Lo usarán cuando funcione.
6. a conjunction presenting a hypothetical
No lo usarán hasta* que
or anticipated event:*
funcione.
Si funcionara, lo usarían.
7. the conjunction "if" (si)
(Never use the present
for unlikely or contrary-to-fact events,
subjunctive
(past subjunctive only):
after si)
Noun clauses
Adjective
clauses
Adverb clauses
"if" clauses
Page 13 of 25
8. Ojalá (que), a menos que, no hay +nada/nadie/ningún+ que ("No hay nada que funcione")
PRESENT PERFECT
The present perfect (el pretérito perfecto) is a combination of the past participle and the present
indicative of the verb haber. The present perfect describes an action that happened in the past and
continues or repeats into the present or an action that happened in the recent past. It is commonly
translated as what a person has done. This form is very widely used in Spain, while in Latin and
South America, the preterite is used more often.
The present perfect describes what a person has done, but notice that tener is not used even
though it means to have. It is formed by combining haber (conjugated to the subject of the
sentence) and the past participle.
Present Perfect Formula
present indicative haber + past participle










He visto las montañas de Perú. (I have seen the mountains of Perú.)
Has ido a Colombia. (You have been gone to Colombia.)
Usted ha escrito un poema bonito. (You have written a pretty poem.)
Él ha dormido 10 horas. (He has slept 10 hours.)
Ella ha dicho que es una princesa. (She has said that she is a princess.)
Hemos vuelto para comprar la leche. (We have returned to buy milk.)
Habéis cantado muy bien. (You have sung very well.)
Ustedes han hecho un pastel delicioso. (You have made a delicious cake.)
Ellos han bailado en 12 países. (They have danced in 12 countries.)
Ellas han oído la verdad. (They have heard the truth.)
The auxilary verb (haber) and the past participle are never separated. If object pronouns are
present, they go immediately before haber.


¿Los has visto? (Have you seen them?)
Se las he dado. (I have given them to her.)
Present Perfect Uses
The present perfect is used to express the idea of what a person has done at some point in the
past.
The present perfect is NOT used:
to indicate an action still in progress. (The present tense is used to do this.)

Hace tres años que vivo aquí. (I have lived here for three years.)
Page 14 of 25
to express the idea to have just done something. (It is more common to use the verb acabar + de
to convey this idea.)

Acabé de leer este libro. (I have just finished reading this book.)
The past perfect (el pluscuamperfecto), also known as the pluperfect, is a combination of the past
participle and the imperfect of the verb haber. The past perfect describes an action in the past that
happened before another action in the past. There are three other perfect tenses in the
indicative: present perfect, preterit perfect, future perfect, and the conditional perfect.
Past Perfect
The past perfect describes what a person "had" done before something else happened in the past.
Notice that tener is not used even though it means "to have." It is formed by combining haber
(conjugated to the imperfect tense) and the past participle.
Past Perfect Formula:
imperfecthaber + past participle










Había visto ya a mi primo. (I had already seen my cousin.)
Habías cantado en la fiesta cuando llegué. (You had already sang at the party when I arrived.)
Ud. había leído antes que él. (You had read the book before him.)
Él había sacado su gorro cuando entró en mi casa. (He had taken off his hat before entering my
house.)
Ella había comido antes de ir al cine. (She had eaten before going to the movies.)
Nos habíamos sentado cuando el tren salió. (We had sat down when the train left.)
No habíais oído la canción antes de ahora. (You had not heard the song before now.)
Uds. habían vuelto cuando ellos salieron. (You had returned when they left.)
Ellos habían puesto los pasteles en la mesa. (They had put the cakes on the table.)
Ellas habían hablado mucho cuando la fiesta terminó. (They had talked a lot when the party
ended.)
Notice that the auxilary verb (haber) and the past participle are never separated. If object
pronouns are present, they go immediately before haber.
PRESENT PROGRESSIVE
The present progressive tense combines the present indicative of the verb estar (to be) with the
present participle of another verb to indicate an action in progress. The present progressive tells
what a person "is doing" right now.



Estoy hablando con mi madre. (I am speaking with my mother (right now).)
Los niños están jugando en el patio. (The children are playing in the yard (right now).)
¿Estás yendo a la tienda ahora? (Are you going to the store now?)
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The present participle never changes according to the tense. The progressive tense can be used in
any time reference simply by changing the tense of estar, creating the present progressive,
preterite progressive, the imperfect progressive, the future progressive, etc. This article explains
how to form and when to use the present progressive tense.
Present Progressive Forms
The present progressive is a verb phrase consisting of both estar (the "is" part which indicates the
tense) and the present participle (the "-ing" part which indicates what the action is). To form the
present progressive, conjugate estar to the present indicative tense and add the present participle
form of the verb that the person is actually doing.
Present Progressive Formula: estar + present participle (verb stem + -ando for -ar verbs/-iendo
for -er and -ir verbs)
Estoy hablando I am speaking
Estamos hablando We are speaking
Estás hablando You are speaking
Estáis hablando
Está hablando
You (formal) are speaking
Están hablando
He/she is speaking
You (all) are speaking
You (all, formal) are speaking
They are speaking
Present Progressive Uses
Single Current Actions
Simply, what a person is doing right now, and action they are currently participating in.



Está escribiendo un ensayo para su clase de español. (He is writing an essay for his Spanish
class.)
Estamos cocinando la cena. (We are cooking dinner (right now).)
Están durmiendo en el dormitorio pequeño. (They are sleeping in the small bedroom (right
now).)
In English and Spanish, this is usually expressed using the present progressive, but it is possible
to use the present tense in Spanish as well.




¿Qué haces? (What are you doing?)
Limpio la cocina. (I'm cleaning the kitchen.)
¿Cómo estás? (How are you doing?)
Estoy bien, gracias. (I´m doing well, thank you.)
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PRACTICE:
Nombre: __________ Clase: _________
SER VS. ESTAR
A. Choose the correct translation.
1. He is bored.
2. He is boring.
Él es aburrido.
Él es aburrido.
3. She is happy. (temperament)
4. She is happy. (feeling happy)
5. They are tired.
Él está aburrido.
Él está aburrido.
Ella es alegre.
Ella es alegre.
Ellos son cansados.
Ella está alegre.
Ella está alegre.
Ellos están cansados.
6. They are tiresome.
Ellos son cansados.
Ellos están cansados.
7. John is sick. Juan es enfermo.
Juan está enfermo.
8. John is sickly.
Juan es enfermo.
Juan está enfermo.
9. The boys are big.
Los chicos son grandes.
Los chicos están grandes.
10. The boys are big for their age.
Los chicos son grandes.
Los chicos están grandes.
11. Maria is amusing.
María es divertida.
12. Maria is amused.
María es divertida.
13. Arsenio is lively.
Arsenio es vivo.
María está divertida.
María está divertida.
Arsenio está vivo.
14. Arsenio is alive.
Arsenio es vivo.
Arsenio está vivo.
15. My sister is very quiet.
Mi hermana es muy callada.
Mi hermana está muy callada.
16. My sister is being very quiet.
callada.
Mi hermana es muy callada.
Mi hermana está muy
17. The apple is unripe.
La manzana es verde.
La manzana está verde.
18. The apple is green (color).
La manzana es verde.
La manzana está verde.
19. The soup (here) is (always) delicious.
20. The soup is delicious (tonight).
La sopa es deliciosa.
La sopa es deliciosa.
La sopa está deliciosa.
La sopa está deliciosa.
(T#1)
PRESENT TENSE
Know the regular verb endings, plus the following irregular verbs in the present
tense.
Ser
Ir
Tener
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Hacer
Poner
Poder
Venir
Salir
Saber
Encontrar
Pensar
Dormir
(T#2)
IMPERFECT
Know all regular imperfect endings, plus the 3 irregulars:
Ser
Ver
Ir
(T#3)
PRETERITE
Know all regular preterite endings, plus these irregulars:
Ser
Ir
Tener
Hacer
Poner
Poder
Venir
Salir
Saber
Estar
Tocar
Jugar
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Dormir
Comenzar
Dar
You must decide whether to use preterite or imperfect, and you must conjugate the verb correctly.
11. The children were talking. Los niños ______________________.
12. The girls spoke to the professor. Las chicas____________con el profesor.
13. I needed more books. Yo_____________más libros.
14. We washed the dishes. ___________los platos.
15. We were washing the dishes. __________________los platos.
16. You (informal) used to study with Juan._______________con Juan.
17. I studied with Juan for three hours.____________________con Juan por tres horas.
18. María worked in a restaurant. (for a period of time)María____________en un restaurante.
19. Juan worked in the hospital for six months. Juan ______________en el hospital seis meses.
20. She used to call me every night. Ella me ___________cada noche.
(T#4)
FUTURE
Know the regular verb endings, plus these irregulars.
Tener
Poder
Poner
Hacer
Decir
Salir
Querer
Saber
Venir
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(T#5)
CONDITIONAL
Know the regular verb endings, plus these irregulars.
Tener
Poder
Poner
Hacer
Decir
Salir
Querer
Saber
Venir
(T#6)
PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE
Know how to form the present subjunctive, plus know these irregulars:
Tener
Poder
Poner
Hacer
Decir
Salir
Querer
Saber
Venir
1.
pensar
2.
contar
3.
cerrar
Es raro que tú
que la lengua español es muy grande.
Es obvio que nosotras no
las estudiantes.
No es dudoso que Marisa
los ojos.
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4.
estar
5.
marcar
6.
saber
7.
reunir(se)
8.
dormir
9.
venir
10. encontrar
No es verdad que yo
alegre.
Ellos creen que mi tío no
el tiempo rápido.
Mi madre y yo sentimos que mi novia
andar en motocicleta.
Es incierto que ellos se
con personas afines.
Marta y Maria quieren que mis hermanos
Es dudoso que José
en la clase.
demasiado tarde.
Ellos están contento que ustedes
el coche fantástico.
1. Javier duda que el tren (llegar) ______________a tiempo.
2. Es posible que ellas (venir) ______________a la fiesta.
3. Prefieren que yo (traer) _________________la música.
4. Yo quiero que tú (bailar) ________________conmigo.
5. Mi hermano no cree que los extraterrestres (existir)________________.
6. Sus vecinos le piden a él que no (poner) ______________la música tan alta.
7. Es bueno que Elena (cocinar) ______________para su familia.
8. Me alegro de que tú (ir) __________________a mi fiesta.
9. Ojalá que nosotros (encontrar) ______________un apartamento nuevo.
10. Es importante que todos (cerrar) ______________la puerta.
(T#7)
PAST SUBJUNCTIVE
Write the imperfect subjunctive/past subjunctive forms of the verbs
(yo form only)
tener*
bailar
ir*
poner*
jugar
gritar
comer
beber
escribir
hacer*
correr
pagar
estudiar
ser*
hablar
manejar
dormir*
charlar
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(T#8)
PRESENT PERFECT
Write the present perfect forms of the verbs
(yo form only)
tener
bailar
ir
poner*
jugar
gritar
comer
beber
escribir*
hacer*
correr
pagar
estudiar
ser
hablar
manejar
dormir
poner*
(T#9)
PAST PERFECT
Write the present perfect forms of the verbs
(yo form only)
tener
bailar
ir
poner*
jugar
gritar
comer
beber
escribir*
hacer*
correr
pagar
estudiar
ser
hablar
manejar
dormir
poner*
(T#10-#T14)
Write the conjugations of haber for each.
T10
T11
T12
T13
T14
(T#15)
FORMAL COMMANDS
Write down the steps to form Ud. and Uds. Commands below.
Positive Ud. Commands
Negative Ud. Commands
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Positive Uds. Commands
Negative Uds. Commands
(T#15)
Formal Commands: Write the 4 forms for each one.
Comer
Bailar
Poner
Hacer
Tener
Tocar
Encontrar
Buscar
Decir
Ser
Salir
Ir
Escribir
Manejar
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(T#16)
Informal Commands
Practice: write the positive and negative commands
Comer
Bailar
Poner
Hacer
Tener
Tocar
Encontrar
Buscar
Decir
Ser
Salir
Ir
Escribir
Manejar
(T17, T18) The Progressives
Present Progressive
Past Progressive
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Notes:
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