Urinary System
Function
1. _________
2. ________ of blood ________ and ________.
3. regulation of the concentration of __________
in the __________
4. Regulation of extracellular __________,
_________.
5. _________________________.
I. Kidney Structure
A. External
1. Size of your _______.
2. ______________ shaped.
3. _________ kidney is slightly
_________ than the left, due
to ____________.
4. ___________ - anchors
kidney & adrenal gland to
surrounding tissues.
5. ____________ - Cushion
layer.
6. ____________ - thin,
transparent layer of fibrous
tissue.
B. Internal
1. Renal _______________ - inner most.
a. _______ - Concave portion where the renal artery &
vein unit with the kidney.
b. ___________________ - space.
c. ___________________ - membrane line basin.
d. _______ - funnel shaped channels from the pelvis &
collects newly formed urine.
2. ___________ - Outermost layer
3. ____________
4. ____________ - Parts of the cortex extends into the
medulla.
5. ____________ - functional subunit of the kidney.
Kidney Structure
C. Blood Supply - 1200ml/min @ rest.
To the nephron
From the nephron
1. _____ artery
7. _________ Arterioles
2. __________Arteries - 5 in the renal sinuses 8. ____________ Veins
3. _________ Arteries - renal pyramids
4. ____ Arteries - Between Cortex & medulla
9. ____________ Veins
10. ___________ Veins
5. _______________ Arteries - Cortex
11. ___________ Veins
6. ___________ Arterioles - to nephron
12. ___________ Veins
Kidney Overview
Review
What are some of the functions of the
excretory system?
How much blood are in the kidneys at rest?
What are some factors that can influence
the amount of blood in the kidneys?
What are the two parts of the kidneys?
Blood Supply to Kidney
D. _______________ - ____________kidney
A portion is in both the medulla & cortex
Two parts
a. Renal ________________
1. ___________________
2. ___________________
a. ________ - pore in endothelial walls of glomerulus.
b. _________________ - specialized cells.
c. _________________
b. Renal _______________ - Series of single layer tubules
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
E. Blood Flow Through Nephron
Blood
__________ - Large ->
______________ - Narrow &
_________ high back
pressure
Efferent
Blood <- Peritubular Tubulars porus & ________ pressure
Nephron
F. _________________
1. Distal _________
tubular ________
the _____________.
2. ____________ the
rate of ________
___________.
Review
What is a nephron?
What are the two parts of the nephron?
What is the job of the podocytes?
Where in the nephron is the juxtaglomular
appratus?
II. Kidney Function
Removal of
_________substances
(through excretion - urea &
uric acid) from the blood
stream & maintain a fluid
balance electrolyte
concentration, & pH.
A. Urine formation
_______ L (145 gallons)/day _______ time your total blood
volume.
_______% of the fluid is
returned to the blood stream.
___% ________ L is excreted
as urine.
1. _____________ - movement of
blood plasma across the filtration
membrane at the renal corpuscle.
a. _________ - fluid & dissolved
substances that penetrate
the membrane.
at
b. High _____________ pressure
the glomerulus (glomerular
capillary pressure) pushes plasma
through the filtration membrane.
c. Net Filtration pressure
(NFP) 10mm of mercury.
d. Rate of __________ is
determined by filtration that is
__________.
High filtration _________= high
volume of __________
Reabsorbtion
2. Reabsorption
a. __________% of water, majority of nutrients, essential
ions are removed & transported to nearby peritubular
capillaries.
 K+, Ca+, HCO3-, Cl-
b. ____________ of material is returned to the blood
stream resulting in a concentration of wastes that
remain in the tubule.
c. Filtrate vs urine
_______________ - Same as blood plasma except
the lack of proteins.
uric acid
__________ - more concentration of ions, urea, &
d. Reabsorption procedure
Proximal Convoluted Tubule ____% of
__________.
Main site of water & solute reabsorbtion.
Reabsorption in the Proximal
Tubule
Urine Substances
3. Loop of Henle 15% of
reabsorption.
___________ - continues
water reabsorption
Solute concentration
increases
____________ Reabsorption of solutes
(Chloride, sodium)
More dilute because of
the removal of solutes.
____________ Reabsorption of
solutes (Chloride,
sodium)
More dilute
because of the
removal of solutes.
Reasorption
in Distal
tubule
collecting
dcut
4. ______________ - Net movement of
unwanted substance from the peritubular
capillaries into the proximal convoluted.
How does this movement occur?
________________ - H ions (controls the
body’s pH), Potassium ions, Penicillin)
__________ – urea
__________
Review
What are the three parts to urine
formation?
How is each part different? What are
some methods that each part uses for
urine formation?
III. Urea & Uric Acid Formation
___________ containing wastes products from _____________
A. Urea
Liver’s metabolism of ______ creates ammonia (______), so
it is quickly converted to ______ by the liver & released in to
the bloodstream.
______% is excreted in _______/______% is _________ by
the body.
B. Uric Acid
Metabolism of certain _______________.
_____% is ______ by urine
IV. Regulation of Urine Concentration & Volume
______________in response to our changing
condition of our _______ to maintain a constant
blood composition & volume.
___________ -Increases slat in urine &
_________ urine volume.
_________ exercise - Urine volume is less with
____________.
Juxtaglomerular regulates urine formation & is
triggered when NFP ___________.
Review
Where does urea and uric acid come
from?
What are some activities that can increase
urine output? What are some that can
decrease urine output?
A. _________ & __________ – _______ water reabsorption.
_______ converts a plasma protein to _______.
____________ is then converted in the blood into
_____________.
___________ effects the adrenal _________ to
release _______________ which increases reabsorption of Sodium, Chloride, water (increases
blood pressure).
___________ in blood pressure, _________ NFP,
increased in filtrate production.
B. ___________-Increases water re-absorption.
Released by the ________________
Regulates rate of active transport in the distal
convoluted tubule & collecting duct.
____________ the re-absorption of _________
by transporting it out.
________ follows because of the ____________
________________.
Volume of urine ___________, __________ in
blood ______________.
C. ____________________ (ADH) - Posterior Pituitary Gland.
Increases water _________________________.
______________ in blood volume - Pituitary releases ADH.
Increases the permeability of distal tubules & collecting
ducts to water.
Water absorption ___________, therefore blood volume
______________.
_______________ in urine ______________.
D. _____________________- decreases water re-absorption
Released by the cells in the right atrium of the heart when
blood pressure changes within the heart.
___________ the ability of the kidneys to ________ water
& solutes, resulting in a large volume of _________,
therefore blood pressure ___________.
E. ____________________- Decreases water
reabsorption
Nerve impulses from the ____________ nervous
system stimulate the contraction of smooth
muscle in the wall of afferent arterioles.
_______________ results in decreased in blood
flow passing through the glomerulus.
Decreased in ______________.
Decreased in __________ & ____________.
From heavy __________ or ___________.
Hormonal
regulation
overview
Review
Renin, angiotension I & II, aldosterone,
and ADH increase water reabsorption,
how? Why would you need your body to
reabsorb water?
How does Atrial Natriuretic Factor
decrease water reabsorption? Why?
V. Maintenance of Body Fluids
Uptake of water & _________ = __________.
Organs involved
Skin, liver, organs of the alimentary canal, &
kidney (largest effect).
VI Regulation of pH
________ - ______ are normal ranges
Low ______ _______ (_________ or __________)
high pH Alkalosis (respiratory or metabolic).
A. Buffers. Resist changes in pH.
Three main buffers
Proteins
Phosphates
________________ - most important because it
regulates the respiratory & urinary system.
H20 + CO2 <-> H2CO3 <-> H+ + HCO3
In blood
_____________________________
B. Respiratory System
(+) CO2, (-) pH, _________ increases in _____
breathing - more _______ _______ pH(+).
(-) CO2, (+) pH, brain _______ breathing, _____
CO2 leaves, CO2 _____________ in tissues, (+)H
,(-) pH .
C. Kidney
(-) pH, ___________ the rate of secretion of H @
the same time rate of ___________ of
_______________.
Excess H are removed & restoring the pH.
(+) pH _____________ rate of H secretion &
________________________
Lower pH.
Regulation of pH
Regulation of Potassium
Regulation of Calcium
Review
What is the pH range that your body
should be in for normal function?
What is the main mechanism that controls
normal blood chemical ranges?
How does your body deal with excessive
Hydrogen ions?
VII Ureters
A. __________ newly formed
urine from the ________ to the
_____________.
B. Pair tubular organ designed
for ______________.
C. Arise from the renal _______.
D. Extend downward along the
_________________.
E. Behind the peritoneum
(_______________________).
E. Wall of each ureter as three
layers.
1. __________ - ______
membrane, protects
underlying cells from the
passage of urine.
2. ___________ -Smooth
_______ & ______ fibers,
peristaltic contraction.
3. _________ - fibrous
connective tissue that
protects the underlying
tissue.
F. _______ at each opening
that acts as a one way valve.
Review
What is the job of the ureter?
How many do ureters do you have?
Why is the ureter coated in mucus?
Why are there flaps at the top and bottom
of the ureter?
IIX Urinary Bladder
A. Is an ___________ like
organ that _______ urine from
the ureters & stores it until
release into the ____________.
B. Located on the _______ of
the pelvis behind the ________.
C. ______ surface is only
covered by peritoneum.
D. _______ are extremely
_________.
E. Average capacity of _____
ml, but it can hold ______ that.
F. Ureteral openings.
G. ___________ - frequent site
of urinary infections.
H. Walls of the bladder is
made up of _____ layers:
1. Innermost –
________
2. ___________ supportive.
3. Smooth muscle,
____________ __________ &
________ layers of
fibers.
4. _______ connective
tissue.
Review
What is the function of the urinary bladder?
Why is the urinary bladder coated in mucus?
What is the average capacity of the urinary
bladder? What is the maximum capacity of the
urinary bladder?
What is the purpose of smooth muscle in the
urinary bladder?
IX Urethra
A. _______ urine from the
urinary bladder to the _______,
differs between males &
females.
B. ________ urethral sphincter
- _________ muscle,
_____________ keeps urine in
the bladder.
C. ________ urethral sphincter
- _______ muscle – _________
1. _______
a. ___ inches long
b. Passes
through the
__________.
c. Carries
__________ fluids.
2. Females
a. ____ inches long
X. _______ (voluntary control between 2-3)
A. Process of emptying the bladder & is
both a _________ & ________ response.
B. ______ ml, bladder wall stretches to
activate the ________ receptors.
C. Send a signal to the ______________.
D. Motor signal are sent to the bladder by
a ____________.
E. _________ muscle to contract &
_________ urethral sphincter to ______.
F. As _________ continues to contract,
___________ urge to void.
G. Maybe stopped by the ________
urethral sphincter if timing is not
appropriate.
H. Further contraction of the detrusor
Review
What is the function of the urethra?
Define micturition.
Is micturition negative or positive
feedback?
How big is the urinary bladder have to be
in order to send a signal to begin
micturition?
XI Problems with the Urinary System
A. ________ - absence of urine due to kidney failure or
obstruction
B. _________ - kidney stones due to increased salts in
urine.
Uric acid crystals that precipitate out of the blood
stream & build up in the lower gut.
__________ of calcium salts.
C. ___________ - Inflammation of the urinary bladder due
to entry of a bacteria through the urethera.
D. ___________ - Presence of blood in the urine caused by
cuts in the urinary tract
E. Renal Failure & Dialysis
1. loss of the kidney’s ability to respond to changes in the
body.
2. rapid loss of fluid, electrolytes.
3. build up of wastes
Acute - abrupt stoppage, temporary.
4. Pain, Reduce urine output, bleeding.
5. Injury, infection, drugs.
6. Chronic - progressive loss of kidney function because of
reduced glomerular function.
7. Build of urea in blood, pH imbalance, electrolytes
imbalance.
8. Kidney failure - no formation of urine, result in rapid build.
of of toxic wastes, & acidic pH - death in 8 - 10 days.
9.Kidney transplant or dialysis - 3 times a week.
Dialysis
XII Testing for
healthy kidneys
A. ___________ analysis of
chemical content
of a urine sample
Review
Define urinalysis.
What are some causes that can affect the kidney
to stop its function?
How fast can death occur if the kidney does not
return back to normal function?
What can be done to preserve the life of an
individual while waiting for a kidney transplant?
What basic principle is dialysis based upon?