 Transport
1.
2.
has 2 aspects:
Absorption of materials into cells- Occurs
over selectively permeable cell membrane.
Circulation of the absorbed materials.
1.



Passive Transport- “diffusion”
No energy (ATP) needed to transport
materials over cell membrane.
Molecules (gases, Kool-Aid, anything) move
from an area of HIGH concentration to an
area of LOW concentration until a balance
of molecules is reached.
Diffusion of water = Osmosis
 When
the solution that surrounds a cell has
less water than the cell (ex: salt water),
water will leave the cell!
 The cell will shrivel/dehydrate!
 When
the solution that surrounds a cell has
more water than the cell (ex: fresh water),
water enters the cell!
 Cell will swell and could burst!
 When
the solution that surrounds the cell has
the same amount of water as the
cell……Nothing Happens!
 Plasmolysis
and Turgor Pressure
 What
do you think would happen to Gummy
Bears if we placed them in salt water?
 In distilled water?
 Energy
(ATP) is needed to get materials
across the cell membrane. Sometimes,
materials are too big to just passively fit
through the membrane.
 Molecules move from LOW concentration to
HIGH concentration.
 Also when cells use energy to engulf things:
phagocytosis- ex: when a paramecium eats
amoeba or when WBC engulfs/eats bacteria
or viruses.


Ameba Eating Paramecium
Paramecium
 Circulation
1.
2.
in the human body has 2 parts:
Absorption- Just like a sponge absorbs, so
does our bloodstream. Our blood absorbs
nutrients, oxygen, and wastes from EVERY
CELL of our body.
Transport- Our blood then moves
(transports) these nutrients, oxygen, and
wastes to where they need to go.
 Travels
through closed vessels
 Delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells
 Picks up Carbon Dioxide and wastes from
lysosomes and vacuoles
 Is a tissue (group of cells working together)
1.


Plasma- liquid part of the blood that all the
other blood cells float in
Made mostly of water
Carries wastes, nutrients, hormones, and
some carbon dioxide
2. Platelets
 Help clot blood
 Help heal cuts, prevent us from bleeding to
death!
 Help heal broken blood vessels inside our
bodies (bruises)
 Smallest blood cell (only part of a cell)
 Shaped like little plates
Platelets Video
3. Red Blood Cells
 (RBC’s)
 Have no nucleus
 Produced in bone marrow
 Contain hemoglobin which carries oxygen
4. White Blood Cells
 (WBC’s)
 Fight off bacteria, infections, and germs by
engulfing (eating) them (phagocytosis) or by
producing antibodies that fight disease.
 Increase in number during an infection
 Largest blood cells.
 Leukemia-
when there are too many WBC’s
(“cancer of the blood”)
 Anemia- not enough RBC’s, therefore, not
enough hemoglobin. Low hemoglobin means
low oxygen levels, so the person will be very
TIRED!
 Sickle Cell Anemia- when RBC’s become
shaped like a crescent, cannot carry enough
oxygen, so the person is tired and feels pain
 Sickle
Cell Video
 There

are 4 types of blood:
A, B, AB, & O
 Blood
is named for the antigens that are
present on RBC’s. (Antigens=anything that
your body sees as foreign).
Blood Type
Antigen on RBC
(Enemy)
Antibodies in
plasma
(Attackers)
A
A
Anti-B
B
B
AB
A&B
Anti-A
Neither
O
None
Both Anti-A & Anti-B
 Type
O is the “universal donor” because
there are no antigens to be seen as foreign)
 The AB is the “universal recipient” because it
doesn’t have antibodies to attack anything.
 When
doctors do a blood transfusion, they
need to be sure that the person they are
giving blood to (recipient) does not have any
antibodies that would attack the blood
donor’s antigens (causes clumping which
leads to DEATH).
Blood Type
Can Donate To
A
A, AB
Can Receive
From
A, O
B
B, AB
B, O
AB
AB
A, B, AB, O
O
A, B, AB, O
O
 Designed


to protect our body against:
Antigens- anything our body sees as foreign
(virus, bacteria, pollen if you have allergies) and
produces antibodies against.
Pathogen- Anything that causes disease (virus,
bacteria).
 Immunity-
the accumulation of antibodies
that enable our body to resist disease.
 Antibody- protein in the blood that detects
and destroys antigens.
 Active-
When your body “actively” fights an
antigen.


Occurs when you get the disease (like catching a
cold)
OR when you get a vaccination (Vaccination= an
injection of a dead or weakened virus/disease.
This alarms your WBC’s to produce antibodies.)
 Once
your body has produced antibodies for
a disease/virus, every time you come in
contact with the disease/virus, your WBC’s
recognize the disease and automatically
produce antibodies that will kill the invader.


Phagocytes- WBC’s that engulf germs
Lymphocytes- WBC’s that produce antibodies
 When
your body “passively” gets immunity,
occurs when:



Antibodies are injected (rare)
Babies receive mother’s antibodies while in the
uterus or through breastmilk.
Video #11: Immune System
 Can
be brought on by reactions to nonharmful things like pollen, dust, pet hair.
 Occurs when your body sees these things as
antigens and produces antibodies.
 Because there are no real harmful substances
present, the antibodies have nothing to
fight.
 Antibodies
make a chemical called histamine
(causes sneezing, runny nose, watery eyes).
 Medications containing antihistamines help.
 Blood
is transported in blood vessels. There
are three types:
 Arteries
 Veins
 Capillaries
 Biggest,
thickest, blood
vessel
 Carry blood away from
heart
 Feel the pulse in your
artery (because the
blood is under the
most pressure in an
artery)
 Largest artery is the
aorta.
 Smaller
than
arteries but bigger
than capillaries
 Carry blood to the
heart
 The largest vein is
the vena cava.
 Have valves to
prevent the
backflow of blood.
 Capillary
video clip
 Smallest blood vessel, 1 cell thick.
 Connect arteries to veins
 Site of DIFFUSION of materials between the
blood and our body cells because they’re so
thin!
 The

HEART!
The pumping organ
 First





we’ll travel to the:
Vena Cava- A vein that brings deoxygenated
blood from the body to the heart. This vein
leads directly into the right atrium.
Right Atrium- Upper chamber of the heart.
Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.
Valve- Between atrium and ventricles. Prevents
backflow of blood.
Right Ventricle- sends all of this deoxygenated
blood to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery- takes the deoxygenated blood
away from the heart to the lungs to be
“cleaned.”
 Lungs-
here, the blood dumps its carbon
dioxide and picks up oxygen in the
microscopic lung structure of the alveoli.
 Pulmonary Vein- takes oxygenated blood to
the heart from the lungs (clean blood) so the
heart can pump it through the body.
 Pulmonary
Valve, Tricuspid Valve
 “Pump your Blood” song
 Left
Atrium- Receives oxygenated blood from
the lungs.
 Valve
 Left Ventricle- sends oxygenated blood to the
body through the aorta.
 Aorta- largest artery, takes oxygenated blood
from the heart to all parts of the body.
 Septum- separates left and right sides of the
heart, keeps oxygenated and non-oxygenated
blood separate.
 High




Blood Pressure:
When there’s too much pressure on your arteries
Can damage your heart because it has to pump
too hard
Can damage your arteries
Caused by stress, poor diet, heredity, smoking,
and aging
 When
the heart doesn’t get enough oxygen
and it “suffocates.”
 Can damage the heart
 Can lead to death
 Same causes as high blood pressure
 Mammalian
 Bill
Nye
Heart