Cubic Mile
Energy
Robert Mikloš & Adam Obert
Tercia Slovakia
Energy Team
Energy Poem
Energy is all around us,
Strong enough to pound us.
Kinetic or potential,
Either way is fine.
Kinetic for avalanche,
Potential for packed snow.
Cubic Mile
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Prolog :
There has been a radical transformation in housing energy
consumption over the last 30 years, with an absolute reduction
in heat consumption and a rapid growth in electricity
consumption, reflecting wider technological and social
transformations in the movement from an industrial to a
knowledge-based society.
In new housing it is shown that electricity consumption now
dominates the total primary energy consumption.
As a consequence, traditional heat-saving versions are
relatively less effective, and can result in overheating and rising
electricity consumption.
At the same time, rising temperatures in the future due to climate
change will result in falling heat demand and increasing cooling
demand in housing.
Cubic Mile
Energy resources
In the past
In the present
In the future
What types of energy did
people use the most?
Wind and water energy types were popular in
the past. People used water and wind energy.
Watermills and windmills were very important.
 They were used for grinding grain for
example.
 They produced lot of energy people needed.
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What kind of energy resources did
people mostly use in the past ?
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The most famous energy
resource was a windmill.
Windmill is a machine which
converts the energy of wind to
rotational motion by means of
adjustable vanes called sails.
The second famous energy
resource was a watermill.
Watermill was most used in
boats.The most famous boat
who used it was Titanic.
Energy Resources can be divided
into 2 categories:
1. Non-Renewable Resources,
e.g. coal or oil
Once used these resources cannot
be used again.
2.
Renewable Resources,
e.g. wind or solar
These resources can be used over and
over again.
Non-Renewable Resource,
e.g. COAL
Coal is formed from dead vegetation
that has been buried in mud for
millions of years.
First forming PEAT
then the PEAT turns into COAL over
time as more water and air are
squeezed out, due to the weight of
more earth building up on top of it.
Non-Renewable Resource,
e.g. Gas
Natural gas is found underground,
often in the same places as oil.
A mixture of gases make up ‘natural
gas’.
It is mainly made up of methane gas.
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Biofuels: these fuels come from a wide range of
materials from wood to plant waste and waste
materials from animals. Firewood is a good source of
energy but the wood does have to be cut, transported
and trees replanted.
Methane gas can be produced from plant and animal
waste materials but production rates are slow.
Bio diesel can be produced in several ways, for
example from maize or from the by-products of wheat
production.
The potential for biofuel production is great. At the
moment, however, there are problems around the
issue of scalability as current production levels fall far
short of the levels required to substitute fossil fuels.
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Micro generation: for the last 100 years the
main concept in electricity generation has
been to ‘think big’ and build large power
stations.
Now we are beginning to see a new trend,
small scale local generation of power using
renewable biofuels.
In the developing world where funds are
scarce experts predict micro generation is
the way forward.
With time these separate micro generators
cab be joined up to form a larger power grid.
Non-Renewable Resource,
e.g. Oil
Oil is formed from the remains of plankton
(small plants and animals) that live in the
sea million years ago.
Oil is formed when the dead plankton are
covered by mud on the sea floor and
slowly change into oil.
This change happens due to the actions of
heat and microbes.
Renewable Resource,
e.g. Wind
Windmills have been used to power
machines for centuries.
Wind is freely available.
Turbines are needed to harness this
resource.
Hill-top/exposed areas are good for
building windmils .
Wind turbines: these are now a
common site in several European
countries. Some people say the
turbines are ugly and cause ‘visual
pollution’.
To minimise their visual impact
they can be located out at sea (as
long as the sea is not too deep).
Obviously, when there’s no wind,
no electricity is generated.
Renewable Resource,
e.g. Solar
There is more sun available in southfacing locations.
Light and heat from the sun can be
used to porduce a solar energy on
solar panels.
Solar power: A large amount of capital
is required to set up a solar power
system.
At the moment photovoltaic cells are
not very efficient at converting solar
power to electricity. It takes 5-6 years
for such a system to become costefficient.
If these cells could be made more
efficient experts have calculated that
4% of the earth’s desert areas could
supply all of the world’s energy needs.
Renewable Resource,
e.g. Biomass & Biogas
Animal and plant waste can be used to
produce energy.
Biogas is gas given off when material
decays.
Wood from sustainable
sources can be used for biomass.
Renewable Resource,
e.g. Hydro
The energy from running water in
rivers can be harnessed.
Fast-flowing river water can be
used to spin turbines to produce
electricity .
Renewable Resource,
e.g. Wave & Tidal
The energy from running water at the sea – waves
and tidal movement – can be used to produce
energy . It is not used too much nowadays.
Tidal flow schemes: an example of tidal flow is the
Gulf Stream which flows from Florida to the north west
of Scotland at speeds of 1.5 metres per second.
There are problems, however, converting this kinetic
energy into electricity.
Today’s marine current turbines (an underwater version
of a wind turbine) operate best in shallow water where
they can be fixed to the sea bed.
At the moment they are not able to exploit the energy
present in tidal flows such as the Gulf Stream where the
sea is very deep.
Tidal barrages: these can be built in
coastal areas where there is a large
variation in the levels of high and low
tides.
Tidal barrages are dams that fill with sea
water when the tide comes in, when the
tide goes out the water is released. As it
escapes it generates electricity.
Unfortunately, the number of locations
where tidal barrages can be built is limited
and they can have a considerable impact
on the local marine ecosystem.
What types of energy resources will
people use in the future ?
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For centuries, the way in which the sun and stars produce their
energy remained a mystery. During the Twentieth Century,
scientists discovered that they produce their energy by the
fusion process. Einstein's theory that mass can be converted into
energy provided the basis for understanding fusion.
Meanwhile, there is one energy source that is free and
inexhaustible. It’s like a giant nuclear reactor – only this one is
located 93 million miles away.
25
Solar Wonders, ©2007 Florida Solar Energy
Will people use more renewable
energy or non-renewable energy ?
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People will mined nonrenewable energy
resources and use only
renewable energy
resources and we will
use new types of energy
we would be able to
generate .
Fact file- energy in Slovakia
Electricity - production: 30.57 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 30.3%
hydro: 16%
nuclear: 53.6%
other: 0% (2001)
Electricity - consumption: 24.8 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - exports: 10.59 billion kWh (2004)
Electricity - imports: 8.731 billion kWh (2004)
Oil - production: 3,808 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - consumption: 71,400 bbl/day (2003 est.)
Oil - exports: NA bbl/day
Oil - imports: NA bbl/day
Oil - proved reserves: 4.5 million bbl (1 January 2002)
Natural gas - production: 165 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - consumption: 6.72 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas – exports: 1 million cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - imports: 6.949 billion cu m (2004 est.)
Natural gas - proved reserves: 15.01 billion cu m (1 January 2002)
Cubic Mile
Energy in
houses
In the past
In the
present
In the future
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House in the past :
In the past people used
wood and oil to heat the
houses which were
usually made from
wood which didn´t keep
warmth in. They lit the
houses with candles .
Cubic Mile
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House in the present :
The standard has been named "Passive House"
because the passive heat inputs delivered
externally by solar irradiation through the
windows and provided internally by the heat
emissions of appliances and occupants
essentially suffice to keep the building at
comfortable indoor temperatures throughout
the heating period.
It is a part of the Passive House philosophy
that efficient technologies are also used to
minimize the other sources of energy
consumption in the building, notably
electricity for household appliances. The
target of the CEPHEUS project is to keep the
total final energy demand for space heating,
domestic hot water and household appliances
below 42 kWh/m2year".
Energy in our households.
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All of us use energy at home. What is
nowadyas crucially important is the way we
use it, the amount we use and what does the
used energy comes from.
Production of energy pollutes our
environment the most; the most ecological
energy is the one we do not use at all at the
moment.
Think twice and put a little bit effort to save
a lot of energy in your households.
You can contribute to economise energy in your
households using economical ways of its usage .
Solar energy
Lighting
Water consumption
Electric appliances
Wall thickness
Heating
Door and windows
Heating
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Heating covers 60-70 % of the energy used in
our households. This is the space we would
reach the most significant energy saving.
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Cutting down the temperature in rooms about
2° C we save from 10 to 12 % of energy.
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21⁰C is an ideal temperature of a room. We should
turn down the heating feeling hot; once you feel cold
it is better to put on something warm.
Door and windows.
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Plastic door and windows with doubled glass
help to keep the warmth inside the room.
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A lot of required energy can get to the house
thanks to solar energy – via solar beam
penetrating through the windows.
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We should roll down the blinds and curtains
to trap the warmth inside the house.
Wall thickness
Walls made of thin layer, without
isulation and warm layers contribute to
the biggest loss of the warmth on the
other hand thick walls with good
insulation keep warmth very well and
during summer they keep house cold.
 Thick walls are able to keep permanent
temperatute inside the house.
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Usage of water in households.
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Potable water is the precious thing we have.
Economical usage of potable water save energy at the
same time.
An average family let run out 15-20 thousands liters of
potable water through water batteries and flushing
mechanisms of toilets monthly.
Using potable water we have to follow the rule: the
faster the better.
Taking a shower we waste only 1/3 of water we would
use for a bath.
Half-fulfilled waching machine uses twice as much
energy.
They
suggested
50 ways to
save water in
Florida.
Are you able
to suggest
more?
Ecological solution
In some countries there is lack of potable
water.
Acces to potable water. What will be the
situation like in 30 years time?
Electric appliances
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Is it necessary to use them for all chores?
Limited usage of electric appliances especially in a
kitchen or a garden can save al ot of energy and we
can avoid turning our house into storeroom of
pointless and unwanted gadgets.
Did you know that producing one battery we use
much more energy than is battery able to produce
during its existence. By the way batteries create
hatarduous waste.
We should replace one-shot batteries with
rechargable ones.
Solar panels
Solar panels are able to cover from
60% to 80% consumption of hot water
in our households.
 The simpliest way of using solar energy
is to put an old barrel somwhere in
your garden and you would enjoy hot
shower during the whole summer.
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Energy and Resources
COUNTRY PROFILE - Slovakia
View Technical and Source Notes
Energy Production and
Consumption Slovakia Europe World (in thousand metric tons
of oil equivalent) {a}
Total Energy Production, 2000 5994 2253336 10077984 %
change since 1980 75 % 152 % 37 %
Energy Imports, 1997 15001 1341347 9521506
Energy Exports, 1997 2457 961926 3419104
Total Energy Consumption {b}, 1999 17991 2559701 9702786
Electricity consumption, 1999 1956 291148 1040770
Energy consumption per capita, 1997 3 4 2 % change since
1990 -21 % -14 % 0 %
Energy Consumption per GDP {c}, 1999: 328 243 244 %
change since 1990 -24 % X -13 %
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Energy Consumption by Source, 1999 (in thousand metric tons
oil equivalent)
Total Fossil Fuels 14095 2117484 7689047
Coal and coal products 5157 480313 2278524
Crude oil and natural gas liquids 5382 906066 3563084
Natural Gas 5794 786787 2012559
Nuclear 3418 303885 661901
Hydroelectric 390 60847 222223
Renewables, excluding hydroelectric: 76 64845 1097889
Primary solid biomass (includes fuelwood) 76 56374 1035139
Biogas and liquid biomass 0 1919 14931
Geothermal 0 4886 43802
Solar 0 390 2217
Wind 0 1227 1748
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Tide, wave, and ocean 0 50 53
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Energy Consumption by Sector, 1999 (in thousand
metric tons of oil equivalent)
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Industry 5876 569813 2140474
Transportation 1485 451881 1755505
Agriculture 316 51724 166287
Commercial & public services 1912 154692 511555
Residential 2342 477196 1845475
Non-energy Uses 988 76515 333981
Total Final Energy Consumption {d} 12919 1781820
6753276
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Cubic Mile
Energy resource water
Fresh water
Energy resource -fresh water
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Fresh water is naturally occurring
water on the Earth's surface in
bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and
streams, and undergorund as
groundwater in aquifers and
underground streams.
Freshwater is characterized by
having low concentrations of
dissolved salts and other total
dissolved solids. The term
specifically excludes seawater
and brackish water.
Will people lead
wars to get acces
to potable water
in the future?
Cubic Mile
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House in the future : Our Visions :
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ENERGY: An Active House is CO2 neutral.
It has an exceptionally low energy
consumption and covers its energy
requirements from renewable sources.
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INDOOR CLIMATE: An Active House has a
healthy and comfortable indoor climate,
allowing people to express themselves
and live their lives in comfort.
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ENVIRONMENT: An Active House is
designed, situated and constructed to
interact with its environment.
Cubic Mile
 Epilog :
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Energy experts predict that by the end of this century,
just 250 years after the start of the Industrial
Revolution, we will have burnt all the world’s coal and
gas reserves, reserves that took 200 million years to
develop.
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With fossil fuel reserves running down the search is on
for alternative sources of energy. The need for
renewable sources of energy is greater than ever.
The End