Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration REACTANTS C6H12O6 + 6 O2 PRODUCTS 6 CO2 + 6 H2O Energy (ATP) Oxidation Reactions – Can release energy (think combustion) We’ve got to control the energy release and capture it. That means we can’t release all the energy at once. We have to do it in steps. Also, think about how warm we are. We’re pretty warm. A lot of the energy released from our food goes towards heating us up. Show them the video of the gummy bear Mr. S. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Oxygen is the key…but what’s the difference? OK…Now What? If you have oxygen, aerobic respiration can occur. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 A lot of Energy (ATP) OK…Now What? If you don’t have enough oxygen, aerobic respiration can’t occur, but fermentation can. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Oxygen is the key to making large amounts of energy…can you see the difference? Evolution and Gylcolysis A long time ago… ????? (Stored ATP) (Lactic Acid Fermentation) Gylcolysis It’s the first thing that happens and it happens in the cytosol. Gylcolysis What goes in? What comes out? Glucose is oxidized (loses electrons) to produce two 3-carbon containing molecules called PYRUVIC ACID. This takes 2 ATP but makes 4 ATP. Also, 2 molecules of NAD+ are converted to NADH (accepts high energy electrons) so that the process can continue. Gylcolysis What goes in? Glucose 2 ATP 2 NAD+ 4 ADP What comes out? 2 Pyruvic Acids 2 ADP 2 NADH 4 ATP Net 2 ATP Fermentation o Uses pyruvic acid to regenerate NAD+ and produce small amounts of ATP o Occurs in the cytosol oEnzymes that perform this process differ meaning products made by different organisms vary. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Pyruvic acid converted to another 3-carbon compound called LACTIC ACID. NADH is also oxidized to form NAD+ for use in Glycolysis Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation A CO2 is removed from pyruvic acid converting it into a 2-carbon compound called ETHYL ALCOHOL. NADH is also oxidized to form NAD+ for use in Glycolysis Efficiency of Glycolysis 686 kilocalories = Energy released from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose 7 kilocalories = Energy needed to make an ADP into an ATP Glycolysis yields a net of 2 ATP 2 X 7 kcal ------------- X 100% = 2% 686 kcal OK…Now What? If you have oxygen, cellular respiration can occur. Remember? Aerobic Respiration This follows glycolysis when O2 is available. It occurs in two steps. 1. The Krebs Cycle 2. The Electron Transport Chain (Chemiosmosis) Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle What goes in? What comes out? Pyruvic Acid (Acetyl CoA) 3 NAD+ 1 ADP 1 FAD 3 NADH 1 ATP 1 FADH2 Aerobic Respiration Electron Transport Chain ATP Synthase Aerobic Respiration Electron Transport Chain What goes in? What comes out? NADH FADH2 ADP O2 NAD + FAD ATP H2O Aerobic Respiration Electron Transport Chain http://www.dnatube.com/video/104/ATP-synthase-structure-and-mechanism http://multimedia.mcb.harvard.edu/media.html Efficiency of Aerobic Respiration 686 kilocalories = Energy released from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose 7 kilocalories = Energy needed to make an ADP into an ATP Cellular Respiration yields a total of up to 38 ATP 38 X 7 kcal ------------- X 100% = 39% 686 kcal Compare…How efficient do you think a car engine is? 25% (Stored ATP) (Lactic Acid Fermentation) With or Without OXYGEN… Here’s What Happens: Oxygen is the Key Summing it all up… Glucose taken in (EAT) Fermentation (Anaerobic process) Small amounts of ATP Oxygen available (BREATH) Glycolysis (Anaerobic process) Krebs Cycle E.T.C. (Aerobic Respiration) Loads of ATP Summing it all up… The equation that summarizes the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule: C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 Energy (up to 38ATP) How do animals get oxygen to their cells? A circulatory & respiratory system Let’s look at all of the vertebrate groups. Can you name them all? Oxygen Uptake Oxygen Uptake Circulation Ectotherm vs. Endotherm Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O Oxidation Reactions – Can release energy (think combustion) We’ve got to control the energy release and capture it. That means we can’t release all the energy at once. We have to do it in steps. Also, think about how warm we are. We’re pretty warm. A lot of the energy released from our food goes towards heating us up. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic OK…Now What? If you have oxygen, aerobic respiration can occur. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 OK…Now What? If you don’t have enough oxygen, aerobic respiration can’t occur, but fermentation can. C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Oxygen is the key to making large amounts of energy…can you see the difference? (Stored ATP) (Lactic Acid Fermentation) Gylcolysis Gylcolysis What goes in? What comes out? Gylcolysis What goes in? Glucose 2 ATP 2 NAD+ 4 ADP What comes out? Fermentation o Uses _________to regenerate NAD+ and produce small amounts of ATP o Occurs in the ________ oEnzymes that perform this process and some of the products differ among different organisms. Fermentation Lactic Acid Fermentation Fermentation Alcoholic Fermentation Efficiency of Glycolysis 686 kilocalories = Energy released from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose 7 kilocalories = Energy needed to make an ADP into an ATP Glycolysis yields a net of 2 ATP OK…Now What? If you have oxygen,_________________ Aerobic Respiration This follows glycolysis when O2 is available. It occurs in two steps. 1. 2. Aerobic Respiration Aerobic Respiration Krebs Cycle What goes in? Pyruvic Acid (Acetyl CoA) 3 NAD+ 1 ADP 1 FAD What comes out? Aerobic Respiration Electron Transport Chain Aerobic Respiration Electron Transport Chain What goes in? NADH FADH2 ADP O2 What comes out? Efficiency of Aerobic Respiration 686 kilocalories = Energy released from oxidation of 1 mole of Glucose 7 kilocalories = Energy needed to make an ADP into an ATP Cellular Respiration yields a total of up to 38 ATP Compare…How efficient do you think a car engine is? With or Without OXYGEN… Here’s What Happens: Summing it all up… Summing it all up… The equation that summarizes the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule: