Reducing Emissions
through Energy Efficiency and
Renewable Energy
Air Innovations Conference
Chicago, Illinois
August 10, 2004
DOE National Laboratories
Operated for the U.S. Department of Energy by
Midwest Research Institute • Battelle
Pacific Northwest
INEEL
Lawrence Berkeley
NREL
Fermi
Argonne
NETL
Lawrence Livermore
Los Alamos
Sandia
Defense Program
Office of Science
Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
Office of Nuclear Energy
Fossil Energy
Brookhaven
Oak Ridge
Thomas
Jefferson
Major Research Programs
Renewable
Resources
•
•
•
•
Wind
Solar
Biomass
Geothermal
Efficient Energy Use
• Vehicle Technologies
• Building Technologies
• Advanced Industrial
Technologies
Energy Delivery & Storage
• Electricity Transmission & Distribution
• Alternative Fuels
• Hydrogen Delivery and Storage
Driving Down Technology Costs
Levelized cents/kWh in constant $ (2000)1
100
COE cents/kWh
40
Wind
60
20
40
10
20
0
1980
COE cents/kWh
10
1990
2000
Geothermal
8
6
4
2
0
1980
1990
Solar / PV
80
30
2000
2010
2020
2010
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1980
0
1980
2020
1990
Solar thermal
2000
2010
2020
15
Biomass
12
9
6
3
0
1990
2000
2010
2020
1980
Source: NREL Energy Analysis Office
1These graphs are reflections of historical cost trends NOT precise annual historical data.
Updated: October 2002
1990
2000
2010
2020
Why Renewable Energy & Energy
Efficiency?
•
•
•
•
Diversify Energy Supply
Energy Availability & Reliability
Economic Development
Improve Air Quality
U.S. Energy Consumption by
Source
100
Non-hydro
Renewables
1850-1996
90
Nuclear
Quadrillion BTUs
80
70
60
Natural Gas
50
Hydro
40
30
Crude Oil
20
Wood
10
0
1850
Coal
1870
1890
1910
1930
1950
1970
Source: 1850-1949, Energy Perspectives: A Presentation of Major Energy and Energy-Related Data, U.S.
Department of the Interior, 1975; 1950-1996, Annual Energy Review 1996, Table 1.3. Note: Between 1950
and 1990, there was no reporting of non-utility use of renewables.
1990
Shell Sustained Growth Scenario
1500
Surprise
Geothermal
Solar
1000
Exajoules
Biomass
Wind
Nuclear
Hydro
500
Gas
Oil &NGL
0
1860
Coal
Trad. Bio.
1880
1900
1920
1940
1960
1980
Source: Shell, The Evolution of the World’s Energy Systems, 1995
2000
2020
2040
2060
EERE Technologies Serve Diverse
Energy Needs
Electricity
Energy
Efficiency
Wind Solar
Biomass
Geothermal




Transport- 
ation Fuel

Industry
Buildings










Wind Generation Technology
• Technology has matured over 25
years of learning experiences
• Performance and cost have
dramatically improved
• New hardware is being developed
on multiple fronts:
– higher productivity and lower
costs
– larger sized for both land and
off-shore installations
– tailored designs for high
capacity factor, low wind speed
and extreme weather conditions
Wind Energy Capacity
Rest of World
Europe
25000
North America
Forecasted
20000
15000
10000
5000
Year
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
0
BTM Consult Aps - March 1999
Solar Technologies
• Solar Water Heating
• Other Solar Heating
• Photovoltaics (PV):
Solar Electricity
Solar Water Heating
• Domestic Water
Heating
• Pool and Spa
Heating
• Process Water
Heating
Other Solar Heating
• Example: Transpired Solar
Collectors
• 54 transpired collectors
installed worldwide
• Current cost for transpired
solar collectors is 2¢/kWh
Photovoltaics
PV panels
PV roofing shingles
4 Times Square, New York City
Mauna Lani Hotel in
Hawaii
Emerging technologies, like Thin Films, make it
possible to integrate PV into buildings, both on
the roof and in the building envelope.
Amorphous silicon module on flexible plastic substrate. Can
also be deposited on glass.
This 48-story
skyscraper has
a photovoltaic “skin” -thin-film PV panels –
from the 35th to the
48th floor, on the south
and east walls. It
forms a “PV curtain”
wall.
4 Times Square
New York City, New York USA
Worldwide Photovoltaic Shipments
megawatts
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Rest of World
Europe
Japan
U.S.
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Rest of World
4.7
5
4.6
4.4
5.6
6.35 9.75 12.1 18.7 20.5
Europe
10.2 13.4 16.4 16.6 21.7 20.1 18.8 28.1 31.8 36.4
Japan
16.8 19.9 18.8 16.7 16.5 16.4 21.2 33.1
U.S.
14.8 17.1 18.1 22.4 26.6 34.8 39.9 52.5 53.7 60.8
49
80
Biomass
Today, Most U.S. Renewable
Energy Comes From Biomass
• Slightly more than conventional hydro
• Agricultural and Forestry Residues
– Paper Mills
• Used for
–
–
–
–
Electricity Generation
Process Heat and Steam
Bio-based Products
Transportation Fuels
• Ethanol
• Biodiesel
NREL’s Role: Support the Development of
Integrated Biorefineries
USES
Fuels:
– Ethanol
– Renewable Diesel
Power:
– Electricity
– Heat
Biomass
Feedstock
– Trees
– Grasses
– Agricultural Crops
– Agricultural Residues
– Animal Wastes
– Municipal Solid Waste
Conversion
Processes
- Enzymatic Fermentation
- Gas/liquid Fermentation
- Acid Hydrolysis/Fermentation
- Gasification
- Combustion
- Co-firing
Chemicals
– Plastics
– Solvents
– Chemical Intermediates
– Phenolics
– Adhesives
– Furfural
– Fatty acids
– Acetic Acid
– Carbon black
– Paints
– Dyes, Pigments, and Ink
– Detergents
– Etc.
Food and Feed
Energy Efficiency:
The Invisible Energy Resource
• A primary strategy for all
energy needs
• For Electricity…
– Manage Load Growth
through Energy Efficiency
– Can Reduce Electricity
Prices
– Energy Efficiency
Investment Planning
– Reduce Emissions
What Makes a Building Energy
Efficient?
•Whole building design & commissioning
• Proper design, sizing, & installation of HVAC
• Proper insulation & management of air flow
• Efficient windows
• Efficient lighting
• Water conservation
• Efficient office equipment
Transportation Efficiency and
Alternative Fuels
• Transportation Demand and System Efficiency
• Transportation Technology R&D at NREL
– Systems modeling (digital functional vehicle)
– Alternative fuels and lubricants
– Auxiliary loads, including cabin heating and cooling
• Clean Cities Program
– Mission: Reduce petroleum use in vehicles
– Technology Portfolio: fuel economy, alternative
fuels, blends, hybrids, and idle reduction
Biodiesel: A Renewable, Domestic Fuel;
Emissions Benefits and Challenges
• EPA Emissions Analysis
– PM, HC, CO, and, generally, toxics
reduction
– NOx increase, 2-4% for B20,
insignificant for B5
• R&D on NOx
reduction strategies
• Air Quality Modeling
of B20 replacing
diesel
– No increase in ozone
levels (NREL/SR-54033793, May 2003)
Data from EPA420-P-02-001, heavy-duty engines
Opportunities
• Substantial opportunities for energy efficiency
(e.g. 20% less energy use in 2020)
• EERE Opportunities in all major energy sectors
– Buildings (20% less primary energy use)
• 25% electricity savings
– Industry (17% less primary energy use)
• Iron and Steel: 80% less petroleum
• Paper: 60% less coal; 30% less petroleum; 28% less
electricity
• Cement: 119% more natural gas; 30% less coal
– Electricity (24% total primary energy savings)
• Coal: 51% less
• Non-Hydro Renewables: 98% more
– Transportation (21% total primary energy savings)
Numbers from “Scenarios for a Clean Energy Future”
Challenges in Using Energy
Technologies to Address Air Quality
• How will this technology affect air emissions,
and how can these effects be measured?
• Are the reductions quantifiable, verifiable,
enforceable, permanent, and surplus?
• Thinking big: energy efficiency codes and
standards, renewable portfolio standards, grid
connection policies, long-term planning of
multi-pollutant strategies
• Incentives for clean energy technology under
cap and trade systems
• Are regulatory changes needed?
Partnerships Already Forming to
Address Challenges
• DOE
– Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
– Regional Offices
• EPA
–
–
–
–
Office of Atmospheric Programs
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards
Office of Transportation and Air Quality
Regional Offices
• State Energy Offices
• State Air Quality Offices
• And Many Others!
DOE-EERE Technical Assistance to
States through Regional Offices
•National Labs serve as resource
 www.eere.energy.gov/regions
Program-Specific Technical
Assistance to States through
Regional Offices
• DOE ongoing technology – specific programs
–
–
–
–
Million Solar Roofs
Wind Powering America
Rebuild America
Clean Cities
Technical Assistance Program
Provides Assistance to States
through Regional Offices
• DOE responds to specific State
requests for quick, targeted technical
assistance
• States receive technical assistance from
participating national labs (NREL,
ORNL, LBNL)
TAP contacts in DOE Regional Offices
Southeast:
Steve Hortin
404-562-0593
Northeast:
Al Benson
617-565-9734
Midwest:
Bill Hui
312-886-8586
Central:
Jerry Kotas
303-275-4850
Mid-Atlantic:
Susan Guard
215-656-6965
Western:
Jeff James
206-553-2079
EPA Office of Air and Radiation
• Office of Atmospheric Programs - State and
Local Capability Building Branch
– Inter-agency agreement: DOE – EPA for NREL
Assistance
– Current Collaborations
• Integration of renewable energy into modeling to support
regional planning
• Energy and air quality integration
• Energy and water
– EPA Contacts: Julie Rosenberg, Art Diem, Steve
Dunn, Sue Gander, Edgar Mercado
• Office of Air Quality Planning Standards
• Office of Transportation and Air Quality
Partnership At Work: Shreveport, LA
• Energy Efficiency Project included in ShreveportBossier City Early Action Compact
• Shreveport’s 20-year contract for energy efficiency
improvements:
– 33 municipal buildings
– ESCO =Johnson Controls, Inc.
• Guaranteed annual energy savings: 9,121 MWh/yr
and 67,289 hundred CF/yr
• NREL and LSU Quantified Approximate Emissions
Reductions:
– 82.5 lbs NOx/O3 season day (0.04 TPD) or 15.05 TPY from
grid connected EE
– Building emission reductions are nominal at 633 lbs NOx/yr
or 0.32 TPY
• Also reduces other pollutants: SO2, VOCs, Air
Toxics, and CO2
Process for Shreveport, Louisiana
• Project Initiators
– LA Department of Environmental Quality Air Office
– LA Department of Natural Resources, Energy
Office
• Programmatic Leadership / Funding Support
– DOE-TAP (EERE HQ & Central Region)
– EPA – OAQPS-AQSSD; OAP-SLCBB
• Perform & Shepherd Quantification Analysis
– NREL (Adam Chambers)
– Louisiana State University Center for
Environmental Studies
• Approval
– EPA Region 6
– EPA Headquarters
DOE EERE Air Quality Integration
Pilot
• EPA and DOE jointly promoting use of EERE
technologies to address air quality issues
• Pilot innovative activities in four states or
groups of states in DOE’s Southeast, MidAtlantic, Midwest, and Central Regions
• Selected activities receive package of
assistance: DOE, EPA, NASEO, ECOS,
GETF, NREL
• NREL to organize peer review of
quantification methods and provide technical
assistance on quantification
• Point of Contact – Jerry Kotas: 303-275-4850
Jerry.Kotas@hq.doe.gov
Conclusions and Next Steps
• Emissions reduction benefits of energy
efficiency and renewable energy technologies
• Real, surmountable challenges to achieve
greater synergy between EERE technology
deployment and Air Quality
• Resources available to understand the
opportunities and address the challenges
• Work is underway to remove barriers to
EERE technologies addressing air quality
issues
Contact Us!
___________________________________________________________
NREL
Laura Vimmerstedt
laura_vimmerstedt@nrel.gov
(303) 384-7346
The U.S. Department of Energy’s
National Renewable Energy Laboratory
Golden, Colorado