Today
• Current events
• Finish Chapter 21 notes on Middle Eastern
Geography
• Complete Maps for tomorrow
• Chapter 21 Discussion Questions-due
today!!!!
Middle East
AKA-South West Asia
Middle East
• What is the Middle East?
• Europeans invented the term to describe
the distant parts of Asia. Once called the
Far East.
• Includes North Africa
• Middle East is at the crossroads of three
regions-Africa, Asia and Europe
• Throughout time-connected trade routes
Cultural Diffusion
• Center of cultural diffusion due to trade
routes Judaism, Christianity and Islam
originated there
Strategic Importance
• ME sits on top of vast oil resources and
contains vital sea and trade routes
Section 1-Landforms
and Resources
• The Southwest Asian landforms
have had a major impact on
movement in the region.
•
The most valuable resources in
Southwest Asia are oil and water.
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Landforms Divide the Region
Peninsulas and Waterways
• Arabian Peninsula lies between Red Sea and
Persian Gulf
• Red Sea covers a rift valley created by
Arabian plate movement
• Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at north
side cut off part of region
• Anatolian Peninsula (Turkey) is between
Black and Mediterranean seas
• Strategic waterways include Suez Canal from
Red Sea to Mediterranean
- Bosporus and Dardenelles straits connect to
Landforms Divide the Region
Peninsulas and Waterways
• Arabian Peninsula lies between Red Sea
and Persian Gulf
• Red Sea covers a rift valley created by
Arabian plate movement
• Zagros, Elburz, Taurus mountains at
north side cut off part of region
Plains and Highlands
• Arabian Peninsula is covered by dry,
sandy, windy plains
- wadis—riverbeds that are dry except in
rainy season
• Iran has stony, salty, sandy desert plateau
surrounded by mountains
• Anatolian Peninsula is plateau with some
agriculture, grazing
•
Plains and Highlands cont…
• Afghanistan’s Northern Plain is
farming area surrounded by
mountains
• Golan Heights (Al Jawlan)—plateau
near Jordan River, Sea of Galilee
• site of conflict due to strategic
location
Water Bodies
• Region is surrounded by bodies of water;
few rivers flow all year
• The Tigris and the Euphrates rivers flow
through Turkey, Syria, Iraq
- Fertile Crescent supported several
ancient civilizations
- parallel rivers meet at Shatt al Arab,
empty into Persian Gulf
Fertile Crescent
Water Bodies cont…
• Jordan River flows from Lebanon’s
Mt. Hermon between Israel, Jordan
• Empties into Dead Sea—landlocked
salt lake that only bacteria live in
• lowest place on earth’s exposed
crust:
An Oil-Rich Region
• Oil is region’s most abundant resource
- oil fields located in Arabian Peninsula,
Iran, Iraq
- provide major part of those nations’
income
• Half of the world’s oil reserves are in
Southwest Asia
- found along Persian Gulf coast or at
offshore sites
• U.S. and many other countries depend on
oil reserves
Other Resources
• In some parts of region, the most valuable
resource is water
• Water is relatively plentiful in Turkey, Iran,
Lebanon, Afghanistan
- harnessed for hydroelectric power
• In other regions, water is scarce; must be
guarded, conserved
• Coal, copper, potash, phosphate deposits
mostly small, scattered
- Iran, Turkey have large coal deposits
- salts like calcium chloride around Dead Sea
have not been developed
Section 2-Climate
• Scarcity-Water: Only 10 % arableirrigation is crucial to growing crops
• Oil-Arabian Peninsula alone contains
1/3 of world’s oil
Deserts
Sandy Deserts
• Rub al-Khali—Arabian Peninsula desert,
known as the Empty Quarter
• 250,000 square miles, with dunes as
high as 800 feet
• 10 years can pass without rain
Deserts cont…
• Salt Deserts
• In Iran, high mountains block rain; dry
winds increase evaporation loss of
moisture in soil leaves chemical salts,
creates salt flat
• Land is salt-crusted, surrounded by salt
marshes, very hot almost
uninhabited, it’s a barrier to easy travel
across Iran
Well- Watered Coast Lands
The Mediterranean Coast
• Areas along Mediterranean coast and in
Turkey have adequate rainfall
- hot summers, rainy winters promote citrus
fruits,olives, vegetables
• Mild winters and summer irrigation let
farmers grow crops all year
• Areas are heavily populated due to
comfortable climate
The Tigris and Euphrates
• River valleys the site of intensive farming
for thousands of years
• Turkey, Iraq built dams on rivers to provide
irrigation all year
Section 3-HumanEnvironment Interaction
•
Water is critical to regional
physical survival and economic
development.
• Discovery of oil increased the
global economic importance of
Southwest Asia.
NEXT
Dams and Irrigation Systems
• Necessary for farming
Modern Water Technology
• Drip irrigation—small pipes slowly drip water
just above ground
• Desalinization- removes salt from ocean water
at treatment plants. –expensive and cannot
provide enough water
• Wastewater can be treated and used for
agriculture
• Fossil water is pumped from underground
aquifers
Oil
• Industrialization, automobiles increase need
for petroleum
• First oil discovery in region was in 1908 in
Persia (now Iran)
- more oil fields found in Arabian Peninsula,
Persian Gulf in 1938
• In 1948, al-Ghawar field discovered at
eastern edge of Rub al-Khali
- became one of world’s largest oil fields
- contains one-quarter of Saudi Arabia’s oil
reserves
Transporting Oil
• Crude oil is petroleum that has not been
processed
- refinery converts crude oil into useful
products
• Pipelines move crude oil to refineries, ports
- ports on Persian Gulf, Red Sea,
Mediterranean Sea
- tankers carry petroleum to world markets
• In some places refineries process crude oil
near ports
Risks of Transporting Oil
• Largest oil spill was in January 1991,
during Persian Gulf War
- Kuwaiti tankers, oil storage tanks were
blown up
- 240 million gallons of crude oil spilled
into water, land
• Buried pipelines reduce accidents; are
monitored for leaks
• Tankers are a high pollution risk; operate
in shallow, narrow waters
- double hulls help prevent some spills
Chapter 22
Religion, Politics
and Oil
Objectives
• Trace the history of South West
Asia’s sub regions
• Understand the development of
Judaism, Christianity and Islam in
the Middle East
• Understand the importance of oil
to the politics in South East Asia
Human Geography of Southwest Asia:
Religion, Politics, and Oil
The rise of major religions
thousands of years ago and the
discovery of oil in the past century
have drastically shaped life in
Southwest Asia.
NEXT
Human Geography of Southwest Asia:
Religion, Politics, and Oil
SECTION 1
The Arabian Peninsula
SECTION 2
The Eastern Mediterranean
SECTION 3
The Northeast
NEXT
Section 1
The Arabian Peninsula
•
The Arabian Peninsula is heavily
influenced by the religious
principles of Islam.
•
Oil production dominates the
economy of the region.
NEXT
The Arabian Peninsula
Islam Changes Desert Culture
Modern Nations of the Sub region
• Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Saudi Arabia
• Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Yemen
Islam Changes Desert Culture cont…
Town and Desert
• Bedouin _______________ moved from
oasis to oasis, built strong family ties
- fought with other families, developed
fighting skills
• Fighting skills helped spread new
monotheistic religion of ___________
- religion based on teachings of founder,
the Prophet ____________________
- Muhammad lived in Mecca, Islam’s
holiest city
Origins of Islam
• Muhammad went to a cave to fast and
pray where he heard a voice telling
him to “proclaim”
• He became a prophet and the words
he was hearing from an angel over the
next 12 years became the Koran-the
religious book of Islam
• Islam is Monotheistic
• Islam started to spread by the 600s
and 700s through conquest
Ethical Conduct of Islam
• Islam preaches ethical and moral
standards
• Marriages-men were allowed to marry
outside of Islam but women were not
• Divorce was easier for men than women
• Women subordinate to men
• Family is very important- obedience to
your parents-honesty kindness, etc.
• Koran governs all aspects of life-political,
social, economic and behavioral this is
known as Sharia law.
continued Islam Changes Desert Culture
The Spread of Islam
• Armies of Bedouin fighters move across
desert
- conquer desert lands, put Muslim leaders
in control
- spread Islamic teachings, Arabic language
and culture
• Muslim armies spread across Asia, Africa,
Europe
- by Middle Ages, large area of world is
Muslim controlled
NEXT
continued Islam Changes Desert Culture
Islam Brings a New Culture
• The Five Pillars are required of all Muslims;
create common culture
• Faith—all believers must testify:
- “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is
the
Messenger of Allah”
• Prayer—pray facing Mecca five times a day;
mosque—place of worship
• Charity—give money to the less fortunate
• Fasting—in the holy month of Ramadan, don’t
eat, drink during day
• Pilgrimage—all Muslims should make hajj to
Mecca once in their life
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Division within Islam
• After Muhammad died there was a dispute
between who should be the next ruler of
the Muslim Empire
• Caliph-successor to the prophet
• Sunni-believe any devout Muslim could
become a prophet (most of the Muslim
world are Sunni)
• Shiite-believe that only descendants of
Muhammad can be a caliph
Governments Change Hands
Colonial Powers Take Control
• Muslim governments were theocratic—religious
leaders were in control
- still true in some modern nations, such as Iran
• In late 1600, Muslim nations weaken
- Britain, France control most of region after WWI,
fall of Ottomans
- colonial value: Suez Canal is vital link; oil
discovered (1932)
• Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud takes control of most of
Arabian Peninsula
- becomes Saudi Arabia in 1932
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Oil Dominates the Economy
OPEC
• Oil is principle resource of economy, makes region
globally important
- source of almost all of nations’ export money,
GNP
• In 1960, oil-producing nations form economic group
- OPEC—Organization of Petroleum Exporting
Countries
- coordinate petroleum-selling policies, control
worldwide oil prices
- includes Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, United
Arab Emirates, Iran, Iraq
NEXT
Modern Arabic Life
The Change to Urban Life
• Rapid development as technology undermines
traditional lifestyles
- trucks replace camels; malls replace
marketplaces
• Villagers, farmers, nomads move into cities
- 25% urban in 1960; 58% by 1990s; estimated
70% by 2015
- Saudi population 83% urban
• Oil jobs require skilled workers educational
systems can’t provide
- foreign workers brought in
continued Modern Arabic Life
Religious Duties Shape Lives
• Women often cover their heads, faces with
scarf, veil
- women’s roles are slowly expanding: more
are educated, working
• Prayers performed dawn, noon, midafternoon, sunset, before bed
- attend mosque services on Fridays
• Fasting in Ramadan reinforces spirituality,
self-control, humility
- ‘Id al-Fitr marks end of Ramadan with gifts,
dinners, charity
King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia
Chapter 22 Section 2
The Eastern
Mediterranean
The holy places of three
religions are found in this
sub region.
• There is a great deal of
political tension among
nations in this sub region.
•
NEXT
The Eastern Mediterranean
Jewish Presence
• Jerusalem is a holy city to all three major
monotheistic religions
• Jerusalem is capital of Israel; center of
modern, ancient homeland
• Temple Mount in old city housed earliest
temples
- King Solomon’s First Temple
- Second Temple built in 538 B.C
• Today Jews pray at Western Wall (Wailing
Wall)
- sole remainder of Second Temple (destroyed
by Romans in A.D. 70)
Solomon’s Temple
Canaan
continued Religious Holy Places
Christian Heritage
• Jerusalem is sacred site of Jesus’ crucifixion
- nearby towns, villages were important in Jesus’
life
• Christians visit Mount of Olives, Church of Holy
Sepulchre
• In Middle Ages, they fought Crusades to regain
lands from Muslims
- Muslims eventually regained control of the area
- They maintained control until establishment of
Israel in 1948
NEXT
Yamaka
Menorah
• Symbol of Judaism since ancient times
• Used in Jewish worship
• Symbol of Jews exile and freedom from
captivity
Church of Holy Sepulchre
continued Religious Holy Places
Islamic Sacred Sites
• Jerusalem is third most holy Muslim city
after Mecca, Medina
• Dome of the Rock—shrine where it’s
believed Muhammad rose to heaven
- Jews believe it’s site where Abraham
prepared to sacrifice Isaac
• Dome and Al-Aqsa mosque are located on
Temple Mount by wailing wall
- close proximity of holy sites fosters
Jewish-Muslim clashes
NEXT
Dome of the Rock
A History of Unrest
The Legacy of Colonialism
• Ottoman Empire ruled region from 1520 to 1922,
but weakened
• Britain, France got lands after WWI defeat of
Ottomans, Germany
- France took Lebanon, Syria; Britain took
modern Jordan, Israel
• Both supposed to rule only until areas are ready
for independence
- __________________ intentionally stoked
religious tensions between groups
- Lebanon became independent in 1943, Syria
continued A History of Unrest
British Control Palestine
• Zionism—19th-century movement for a Jewish
homeland in Palestine
- Jews buy land, begin settling
• After WWI, British control area; Arabs, Jews
cooperate
- German persecution increases number of
Jewish immigrants
- Arabs begin to resist Jewish state
• Area is divided: Transjordan is ruled by Arab
government and British
- Palestine is ruled by British with Arab, Jewish
NEXT
Site that explains the current Arab
Israeli conflict
1. Go to this website and read the article
http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/20436092
2. Locate the territories on your third map
3. On the back of the map answer these
questions
What is Hamas link
• http://www.cnn.com/2012/11/16/world/mea
st/hamas-explainer/index.html
Jerusalem is the capital of Israel but
most countries keep their embassy in
Tel Aviv because it is controversial
continued A History of Unrest
Creating the State of Israel
• After WWII, many Jewish Holocaust survivors
settle in Israel
- UN divides Palestine into two states: one
Jewish, one Arab
• Israel is created in 1948; repels invasion by
Arab states
• Palestinian Arabs flee
- Palestinian land on West Bank, Gaza Strip is
controlled by Israel
• Palestine Liberation Organization PLO uses
politics, military to:
- regain land in, and return of refugees to, Israel
NEXT
Modernizing Economies
Refugees and Civil Wars
• Creation of Israel produces numerous Palestinian
refugees
- today they number 3.6 million across the region;
some in camps
- many struggle for food, shelter, jobs; lack education
- Jordan has the largest Palestinian refugee population
• Civil wars in Lebanon, Cyprus cause economic
problems
- Lebanon war in 1975–76 led to Israel invading
Lebanon in 1982
Current Violence in Israel
• Sparked by kidnapping of three Jewish teenagers
this past June.
• Israel accused Palestinian group Hamas of the
kidnapping and claimed it was terrorist activity
• Arrests and searches made
• Israelis kill a Palestinian during the arrest and search
process
• Missiles launched in Gaza region and fighting
ensues back and forth
• 2000 people have been killed in the Gaza region in
the last couple months both Israeli and Palestinian
continued Modernizing Economies
2
Modern Infrastructure
• Region’s nations have potential for development
- climate for citrus crops, sites for tourism
- location connects them to markets in Europe,
Asia, Africa
• Many nations lack infrastructure to support
growing economy
- irrigation is needed for agriculture
- communication systems, power sources
needed for industry
• Israel has built sophisticated industries, like
computer software
NEXT
Modern Life
Eating Out, Eating In
• People don’t eat in restaurants as much as in
U.S.
- some restaurants have separate male, female
sections
- cafés are usually for men only
• Most meals are eaten at home, with dinner
between 8–11 pm
• Meals include hummus (ground chickpeas),
baba ganouzh (eggplant dip)
- cracked wheat tabbouleh salad; chicken, lamb
rather than beef
- dessert of fruit, kolaicha (sweet cake)
continued Modern Life
A Variety of Cultures
• Lebanon has mostly Sunni Muslims and some:
- Druze, a secretive religious group living in
mountainous areas
- Maronite, Eastern Orthodox Christians
• Lebanon’s cultural, religious variety makes unity
difficult
• Culturally, Israel is Jewish, but is also home to
other groups
- Bedouins, Druze, Sunni, Circassians (from
Caucasus region)
- some Christians, Baha’i
NEXT
Today
• Current Events
• Wrap up Arab Israeli Conflict-you need to
get out your 3rd map of the middle east
• Begin Section 3 on the North East sectioncovers Iran, Iraq, Turkey and Afghanistan
• Video Clips- 1 on the Taliban and parts of
Lone Survivor
Chapter 22 Section 3
The North East
Objectives
• Locate countries in the Northwest region
• Understand the different religious and
ethnic groups in the region
• Connect the different ethnic and religious
groups to modern problems-ISIS, division
with Sunni’s and Shiites
• Understand that some countries in the
region are not economically well off due to
civil wars and government struggles
Section 3
The Northeast
•
The nations in this sub region
are Muslim but most are not
part of the Arab culture.
•
The nations in the Northeast
range from developed to
very poorly developed.
NEXT
The Northeast- Blended Cultures
Nations of the Region
• Turkey, Iran, Iraq, Afghanistan
Early Civilizations
• Iraq’s Fertile Crescent between Tigris,
Euphrates a cultural hearth
- early civilizations include Sumer, Babylonia,
Assyria, Chaldea
- all built empires in Mesopotamia, the “land
between the rivers”
•
Early Civilizations cont…
• Hittite empire covered modern Turkey,
introduced iron weapons
• Persian empire developed in what is now
Iran
• Introduced innovations in governmental
organization
continued A Blend of Cultures
Ethnic and Religious Variety
• Sub region’s ethnic groups include Turks,
Kurds, Persians, Assyrians
- languages (Turkish, Farsi) are different from
Arabic
• All groups (except Assyrians) are Islamic, but
tensions exist
- after Muhammad’s death, Muslims divided
into two branches
- 83% of all Muslims are Sunni; most Iranians
are Shi’ite
NEXT
Clashes Over Land
Homelands and Refugees
• Kurds—stateless ethnic group located in
Turkey, Iraq, Iran
- promised homeland after WWI, but
never got it
• Iran has world’s largest refugee
population
- Iraqi Shi’ites flee persecution
- decades of war create Afghan refugees
Kurds
Kurd during the 7th century
was most likely was a
social term, designating
Iranian nomads, rather
than a concrete ethnic
group
• Nomadic people
• Non-Arabic
• Wanted separate country
after WWI but never
achieved it
• They face persecution in
Turkey and Iraq
• Over 2 mill. Population
• Target of Saddam
Hussein during the 1980’s
Kurdish troops stand guard near Mosul
Control of Oil Fields
• In 1980s, Iran, Iraq fight war over
Persian Gulf oil fields
• Iraq invades Kuwait in 1990; driven
out in Persian Gulf War
Clashes Over Leadership
Overthrow of the Taliban
• Taliban—fundamentalist Muslim political group
rules Afghanistan
- protects Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda
terrorist network
• After 9–11 attacks, U.S. attacks Afghanistan in
October 2001
- Operation Enduring Freedom targets terrorist
assets, infrastructure
- Taliban removed from power by March 2002
- Hamid Karzai heads transitional government
- Osama bin Laden and some Taliban leaders
Taliban
continued Clashes Over Leadership
Overthrow of Saddam Hussein
• After Gulf War, UN orders Iraqi dictator Saddam
Hussein to disarm
- ordered to destroy chemical, biological weapons
• President George W. Bush turns focus to Iraq in
2002
- Bush believes Hussein has weapons of mass
destruction
- U.S., U.K. attack Iraq in Operation Iraqi
Freedom, March 2003
- major fighting ends in May 2003; Hussein
captured in December 2003
NEXT
Saddam Hussein-former dictator of Iraq
http://www.biography.com/people/saddamhussein-9347918
Reforming Economies
Making Progress
• Turkey is developing water resources,
hydroelectric plants
- supply energy, boost cotton and other
agricultural production
- only nation in region that produces steel
- location between Europe, Asia is ideal for
trade
• Changes in Iran’s government bring economic
progress
- current government supports change
- oil money funds development
continued Reforming Economies
Progress Interrupted
• Economic sanctions on Iraq after Gulf
War limited trade
- created shortages of food, medicine
• Afghanistan is one of world’s poorest
nations
- most people farm or herd animals
- mineral resources remain undeveloped
due to civil wars, turmoil
- post-Taliban transitional government is
rebuilding economy
NEXT
Modern and Traditional Life
Division and Struggle
• Region’s nations face internal struggles
- some seek modern lifestyle, others want to
preserve traditions
• In Afghanistan, Taliban had strict rules of
behavior
- new government is restoring civil liberties,
improving education
• Taliban-like groups in Turkey, Iran, Iraq have
not gained power
- differences have led to conflicts, political
problems
NEXT