Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Section 1: A New Industrial Revolution
Standard 8.12.1 Trace patterns of agricultural and
industrial development as they relate to climate, use of
natural resources, markets, and trade and locate such
developments on a map.
Standard 8.12.3 Explain how states and the federal
government encouraged business expansion through
tariffs, banking, land grants, and subsidies.
Standard 8.12.9 Name the significant inventors and
their inventions and identify how they improved the
quality of life (e.g., Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham
Bell, Orville and Wilbur Wright).
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Why Industry Boomed
Abundant resources,
new technology,
government aid to
business, and a railroad
boom all contributed to
industrial growth.
•Beginning in the mid-1800s, large
deposits of coal, iron, lead, and copper
were being mined.
•Government supported industrial
growth through land grants, subsidies,
and high tariffs on foreign imports.
•In the 1850s, inventors developed the
Bessemer process, a method to make
stronger steel at a low cost.
•Steel replaced iron as the basic
building material of cities and industry.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Why Industry Boomed
Abundant resources,
new technology,
government aid to
business, and a railroad
boom all contributed to
industrial growth.
•Pittsburgh became the nation’s steelmaking capital due to its proximity to
coal mines and railroads.
•The nation’s first oil strike occurred in
1859 at Titusville, Pennsylvania.
•Oil was soon refined into lubricants for
machines and, later, into gasoline to
power engines and automobiles.
•Oil was soon referred to as “black
gold.”
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Why Industry Boomed
Abundant resources,
new technology,
government aid to
business, and a railroad
boom all contributed to
industrial growth.
•Railroads continued to expand, which
improved the transport of goods to the
West and raw materials to eastern
factories.
•Some railroad companies
consolidated, or combined.
•They bought up smaller lines or forced
them out of business.
•Monopolistic practices by the railroads
led to control of grain traffic in the West
and South.
•Many farmers joined the Granger and
Populist movements to fight back.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Inventors and Inventions
Thomas Edison and
other inventors created
hundreds of devices that
made life easier.
•In the late 1800s, Americans created
many new inventions.
•In 1876, Thomas Edison set up a
research laboratory in Menlo Park, New
Jersey.
•Edison and other scientists produced
the light bulb, the phonograph, the
motion picture camera, and hundreds
of useful devices.
•In 1882, Edison opened the nation’s
first power plant in New York.
•Electric engines soon replaced steam
engines in factories.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Inventors and Inventions
Thomas Edison and
other inventors created
hundreds of devices that
made life easier.
•The telegraph was first used in 1844,
but it did not allow communication with
Europe until 1866, when Cyrus Field
had the first underwater cable laid.
•In 1876, Alexander Graham Bell
invented the telephone.
•By 1885, telephones were in use
throughout the country.
•In 1868, Christopher Sholes invented
the typewriter.
•In 1888, George Eastman invented the
first inexpensive camera.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A Transportation Revolution
The automobile and the
airplane launched an
age of fast
transportation.
•The automobile was developed in
Europe in the late 1800s.
•In 1913, Henry Ford introduced the
assembly line, a manufacturing method
in which a product is put together as it
moves along a belt.
•The assembly line reduced the price of
cars dramatically.
•By 1917, more than 4.5 million
Americans owned cars.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A Transportation Revolution
The automobile and the
airplane launched an
age of fast
transportation.
•In 1903, Wilbur and Orville Wright
tested a gas-powered airplane at Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina.
•People did not see the practical use of
airplanes until World War I (19141918).
•By the 1930s, the airplane was in
widespread use around the world.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Section 2: Big Business and Organized Labor
Standard 8.12.4 Discuss entrepreneurs, industrialists,
and bankers in politics, commerce, and industry (e.g.,
Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Leland
Stanford).
Standard 8.12.6 Discuss child labor, working
conditions, and laissez-faire policies toward big
business and examine the labor movement, including
its leaders (e.g., Samuel Gompers), its demand for
collective bargaining, and its strikes and protests over
labor conditions.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
New Ways of Doing Business
Business leaders
developed new ways to
raise money needed for
expansion.
•Many businesses became
corporations, businesses owned by
many investors.
•Corporations raise money by selling
stock, or shares of the business.
•In return, stockholders receive a share
of the profits and choose the directors
of the corporation.
•Stockholders risk only the money they
invest in the business; business owners
could lose their homes, savings, and
other property if the business failed.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
New Ways of Doing Business
Business leaders
developed new ways to
raise money needed for
expansion.
One banker, J. Pierpont Morgan,
made himself the most powerful force
in the American economy.
Morgan gained control of the railroads
and steel production.
He and his friends bought troubled
companies and then ran them in a way
that eliminated competition.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Growth of Big Business
By the late 1800s, many
major industries were
dominated by a few
giant companies.
The government took a laissez-faire,
or leave alone, approach to business.
Entrepreneurs, people who set up
new businesses to make a profit,
formed giant corporations and
monopolies.
A monopoly is a company that
controls most or all business in a
particular industry.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Growth of Big Business
By the late 1800s, many
major industries were
dominated by a few
giant companies.
•Andrew Carnegie, a poor Scottish
immigrant, worked his way up in the
railroad industry.
•He entered the growing steel industry
and, eventually he gained control of
every step in making steel.
•His companies owned iron mines,
steel mills, railroads, and shipping lines.
•In 1892, Carnegie combined his
businesses into the Carnegie Steel
Company.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Growth of Big Business
By the late 1800s, many
major industries were
dominated by a few
giant companies.
•Carnegie donated hundreds of millions
of dollars to build libraries and support
numerous charities.
•Another business giant, John D.
Rockefeller, gained his wealth in the oil
industry.
•In 1882, Rockefeller ended
competition in the oil industry by
forming the Standard Oil Trust.
•A trust is a group of corporations run
by a single board of directors.
•By 1900, trusts dominated many of the
nation’s key industries.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Growth of Big Business
By the late 1800s, many
major industries were
dominated by a few
giant companies.
Critics saw trusts as a threat to free
enterprise, the system in which
privately owned businesses compete
freely.
Carnegie and Rockefeller were called
“Robber Barons” by critics.
To others, they were known as
“Captains of Industry.”
Big business used the term Social
Darwinism, survival of the fittest
business, to justify their tactics in
eliminating competition.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Changes in the Workplace
As industry grew,
working conditions often
got worse.
oIn some industries, the majority of the
workers were women.
oWomen worked in textile mills in New
England, tobacco factories in the
South, and the garment sweatshops of
New York.
oA sweatshop is a manufacturing
workshop where workers toil long hours
under poor conditions for low pay.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Changes in the Workplace
As industry grew,
working conditions often
got worse.
Children worked in textile mills,
tobacco factories, coal mines, and
garment industries.
Most child laborers did not go to
school.
Factory work conditions could be
dangerous.
Textile workers and miners came
down with lung diseases.
Doors were often locked in order to
keep workers at their jobs.
In one case, nearly 150 people were
killed in a fire.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Workers Organize
Despite many obstacles,
organized labor began
to grow in the late
1800s.
Early attempts to organize unions were
met harshly by business.
Labor unions wanted safer working
conditions, higher wages, and shorter
hours.
The Knights of Labor formed in 1869.
The union was small at first, but grew
into the largest union when women and
minorities were included.
In 1886, when striking workers rallied
in Chicago at Haymarket Square and
violence broke out, public opinion turned
against unions.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Workers Organize
Despite many obstacles,
organized labor began
to grow in the late
1800s.
oIn 1886, Samuel Gompers formed a
new union in Columbus, Ohio called the
American Federation of Labor, or AFL.
oThe union admitted only skilled
workers.
oThe AFL used collective bargaining,
negotiation with management for
workers as a group, to win
improvements.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Workers Organize
Despite many obstacles,
organized labor began
to grow in the late
1800s.
By 1904, the AFL had more than a
million members.
Since the union did not admit African
Americans, immigrants, and unskilled
workers, it included a small fraction of
American workers.
Mary Harris Jones called attention to
the hard lives of children in textile mills
and mines.
She became known as Mother Jones
because of her work with children.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Workers Organize
Despite many obstacles,
organized labor began
to grow in the late
1800s.
In 1893, the nation experienced a
severe economic depression.
As jobs were cut and pay dropped,
violent strikes swept the country.
One of the worst strikes, the Pullman
railroad car strike, caused rail lines to
shut down from coast to coast.
President Grover Cleveland sent
troops to Chicago to end the strike.
The public generally sided with the
owners, and by 1900 only about 3
percent of American workers belonged
to a union.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Section 3: Cities Grow and Change
Standard 8.12.5 Examine the location and effects of
urbanization, renewed immigration, and
industrialization (e.g., the effects on social fabric of
cities, wealth and economic opportunity, the
conservation movement).
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Rapid Growth of Cities
Industrialization,
migration, and technology
all contributed to the
growth of American cities.
oAfter the Civil War, America
experienced a dramatic rise in
urbanization, the rapid growth of city
populations.
oBy 1890, one-third of the people
lived in a city.
oIndustries were attracted to cities
with waterways for easy transport of
goods.
oThese cities provided jobs and
excitement.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Rapid Growth of Cities
Industrialization,
migration, and technology
all contributed to the
growth of American cities.
oThe first electric streetcar system
opened in Richmond, Virginia in
1887.
oThe first subway system opened in
Boston in 1897.
oPublic transportation allowed
people to live in the suburbs, living
areas on the outskirts of a city.
oSteel bridges connected cities to
suburbs.
oThe Brooklyn Bridge connected
Manhattan to Brooklyn in 1883.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Rapid Growth of Cities
Industrialization,
migration, and technology
all contributed to the
growth of American cities.
oIn 1885, architects constructed the
first 10-story “skyscraper” in
Chicago.
oElectric elevators were soon
carrying workers to the top of steelframed, 30-story buildings by 1900.
oPoor families typically lived in the
city’s oldest sections at the city’s
center.
oMiddle-class families lived farther
out in row houses or apartments.
oThe rich lived in the suburbs.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Problems of Urban Life
As cities grew, they faced
a variety of problems,
especially in the poorest
neighborhoods.
oThe Chicago Fire of 1871 leveled 3
square miles of downtown, killed 300
people, and left 18,000 homeless.
oThe poor crowded into tenements,
buildings divided into many tiny
apartments.
oOften, 10 people might live in a
single room.
oSeveral families shared a single
bathroom.
oThese conditions led to frequent
outbreaks of diseases like cholera.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Problems of Urban Life
As cities grew, they faced
a variety of problems,
especially in the poorest
neighborhoods.
oBy the 1880s, cities began to
improve urban life.
oStreetlights were installed; they set
up fire, sanitation, and police
departments.
oReligious groups started
organizations to help the poor, such
as the Salvation Army.
oReformers like Jane Addams,
opened settlement houses, centers
offering help to the urban poor.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Problems of Urban Life
As cities grew, they faced
a variety of problems,
especially in the poorest
neighborhoods.
oSettlement houses offered English
instruction to immigrants, music and
sports for young people, and
provided nurseries for children of
working mothers.
oAddams and other leaders
pressured state legislatures to
outlaw child labor.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
The Excitement of City Life
Cities lured newcomers
with a wide variety of
attractions and leisure
activities.
oDepartment stores developed in
downtown shopping areas.
oPeople who had shopped at
different stores for particular items
could now find those items in one
store.
oCities provided entertainment.
oMuseums, theatres, parks, zoos,
and other forms of entertainment
allowed people to enjoy time away
from work.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
The Excitement of City Life
Cities lured newcomers
with a wide variety of
attractions and leisure
activities.
oAfter the Civil War, professional
sports teams began to spring up in
cities.
oThe first professional baseball
team, the Cincinnati Red Stockings,
appeared in 1869.
oSeven years later, eight teams
organized the National League of
Professional Baseball Clubs.
oAfrican American players, banned
from the league in the 1880s, formed
their own league.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
The Excitement of City Life
Cities lured newcomers
with a wide variety of
attractions and leisure
activities.
oIn 1891, James Naismith invented
basketball when he nailed two peach
baskets to the wall of a gym in
Springfield, Massachusetts.
oFootball was also popular, but it
was brutal and dangerous.
oPlayers wore no helmets.
oIn one season, 44 college players
died of injuries.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Section 4: The New Immigrants
Standard 8.12.7 Identify the new sources of largescale immigration and the contributions of immigrants
to the building of cities and the economy; explain the
ways in which new social and economic patterns
encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the
mainstream amidst growing cultural diversity; and
discuss the new wave of nativism.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A Fresh Start
In the late 1800s, a new
wave of immigrants came
to the United States for
economic and political
reasons.
Between 1865 and 1915, some 25
million immigrants entered the U.S.
Europeans immigrated as
farmhands were replaced by
machinery.
In the 1880s, Jews came from
Russia as they became targets of
pogroms, or violent attacks against
Jews.
Armenian Christians faced similar
treatment in Turkey.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A Fresh Start
In the late 1800s, a new
wave of immigrants came
to the United States for
economic and political
reasons.
A revolution in Mexico in 1910
forced tens of thousands to flee to
America.
The new wave of immigrants were
primarily Catholic or Jewish.
Few of the new immigrants
understood English or had
experience living in a democracy or
in a city.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Starting a New Life
Immigrants faced many
challenges to settle in the
United States.
Immigrants were crammed below
decks of boats in steerage, large
compartments that usually held
cattle.
They experienced sea sickness
and widespread disease.
Most people coming from Europe
passed through Ellis Island, New
York.
Asian immigrants passed through
Angel Island in San Francisco Bay.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Starting a New Life
Immigrants faced many
challenges to settle in the
United States.
About two-thirds of immigrants
settled in cities, near other people
from the same country.
Ethnic neighborhoods helped
people feel less isolated in their new
country.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Becoming American
For many immigrants, the
goal was to become part
of American life and
culture.
Most newcomers clung to
traditional modes of worship, family
life, and community relations.
They worked hard to assimilate, or
become part of another culture.
Children of immigrants assimilated
more rapidly than their parents.
They learned English quickly and
dressed like native-born Americans.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Becoming American
For many immigrants, the
goal was to become part
of American life and
culture.
Immigrant labor was essential to the
new American economy.
Immigrants worked in steel mills,
meatpacking plants, mines, and
garment sweatshops.
They helped build subways,
skyscrapers, bridges, and railroads.
Many opened small businesses in
ethnic neighborhoods.
Some, like Jewish immigrants
Samuel Goldwyn and Louis Mayer
made major contributions to new
industries.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A New Wave of Nativism
Many Americans
distrusted immigrants and
called for limits on
immigration.
Nativists argued that immigrants
would not assimilate because their
languages, religions, and customs
were too different.
They complained Immigrants would
take American jobs.
Nativists associated immigrants with
violence, crime, and anarchy.
In 1882, Congress passed a law to
exclude Chinese laborers from the U.S.
In 1917, Congress passed a law that
denied entry to illiterate immigrants.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Section 5: Education and Culture
Standard 8.12.7 Identify the new sources of largescale immigration and the contributions of immigrants
to the building of cities and the economy; explain the
ways in which new social and economic patterns
encouraged assimilation of newcomers into the
mainstream amidst growing cultural diversity; and
discuss the new wave of nativism.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Educating Americans
States took steps to
expand education,
including requiring
children to attend school.
Before 1870, fewer than half of
American children went to school.
In 1852, Massachusetts passed the
first compulsory education law.
Other states in the North, Midwest,
and West followed.
In the South, the Freedmen’s Bureau
built grade schools for both white and
black students.
By 1918, every state required
children to attend school.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
Educating Americans
States took steps to
expand education,
including requiring
children to attend school.
Still, not until 1950 did the majority of
Americans of high school age
graduate.
Elementary students attended school
typically from 8 to 4.
Wealthy individuals such as Andrew
Carnegie gave money to towns and
cities to build public libraries.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
New American Writers
A new generation of
American writers tried to
describe real life as it
was.
Americans started to read more books
and magazines.
The realists, writers who try to show life
as it is, often emphasized the harsh side
of life.
Stephen Crane wrote about the
hardships of slum life.
Jack London wrote about miners and
sailors and their backbreaking jobs.
Mark Twain made his novels realistic by
using the speech patterns of southerners
along the Mississippi River.
Chapter 14 Industry and Urban Growth (1865 – 1915)
A Newspaper Boom
Education contributed to
a rapid growth in
American newspapers.
By 1900, half the newspapers in the
world were printed in the U.S.
A Hungarian immigrant, Joseph
Pulitzer, created the first modern, masscirculation newspaper.
Pulitzer added features like color
comics to increase circulation.
His New York World became known for
sensational headlines
Critics gave this sensationalistic
technique the name yellow journalism to
describe the sensational reporting style.