Выпускная работа
Шепиловой Е.В.
More than five billion people, speaking hundreds of different languages, live in some
200 different countries and territories of the world. They live in a great variety of
natural environments.
Remember the following words which might be used to describe the landscapes.
desert - a large area of sand with little plant life
plain - area of level country
hill - natural elevation on the earth’s surface, lower than a mountain
forest - large area of land covered with trees ( and often undergrowth)
island - piece of land surrounded by water
ocean - the great body of water that surrounds the land masses of the earth
prairie – wide area of level land with grass but no trees
canyon – deep gorge usually with a river flowing through it
coast – land bordering the sea; seashore and land near it
wood - a small forest
mountain range – series of mountains more or less in a line
valley –stretch of land between hills or mountains often with a river flowing through it
lake – large area of water enclosed by land
river – natural stream of water flowing in a channel to the sea or to the lake
Remember the following words which can be used to describe the landscapes
unique –having no like or equal; being the only one of its sort
useless – no use; worthless
sunny – adj. from sun
huge – very great
flat – smooth and level; even; having an unbroken surface
heavy – of more than usual size, amount, force etc.
extensive – extending far; far-reaching
high – extends far upwards; measuring from the base to the top
deep – going a long way down from the top
vast – immense; extensive
mountainous – having mountains
fertile – able to produce much (fruit and vegetables)
varied – different sorts; full of changes or variety
The photos were taken in the countries that are described below.
What countries are described? How can you tell?
A. It is the world’s largest island and its smallest continent. The continent is
south of the Equator. Much of the land is a useless desert. Great deserts cover
nearly 2,000 000 square kilometres. Most of the continent is sunny most of the
year. Its population is very small (only 0.3% of the world’s population) for such
a huge country. Many people live far away from towns in the outback. Severe
droughts, floods and cyclones happen very often on the continent. The people
suffer from limited fresh water.
B. It is an island state. It covers a territory of two large islands and several
smaller ones. Its coast is over 6,000 miles long. It may be a small island by
Russian standards, but geographically it is varied. The south and the east of the
island consist of flat plains or hills. Mountainous areas are found only in the
north and west. In this country you are never very far from the coast and there
are lots of seaside resorts. It has a mild climate. It is never very cold or very
hot. There’s steady rainfall throughout most of the year. The main passenger
ports are in the Southeast. It is a rich country, one of the richest in the world.
.
C. It is the forth largest nation in the world. It covers 4,500 kilometres from one
ocean on the east to another one in the west. Three-quarters of the country are
washed by the ocean. People live within four time zones. It’s a land of physical
contrasts. Practically every climate in the world is represented. The southern parts
of the country have warm temperatures year round, but the northern parts of the
country have very cold winters. The land varies from heavy forests to extensive
deserts, from high mountains to deep canyons. If you travel across the country
you would go over mountain ranges, cross hundreds of rivers, spend days on the
vast, flat prairie lands. You would drive past hundreds of lakes, woods and
forests. It has most of what every country would like o have – a variety of natural
resources, all sorts of products and industry of every kind.
WHAT CLIMATE AND LANDSCAPES ARE TYPICAL OF WHICH
COUNTRY? FILL IN THE SUITABLE WORDS FRON THE
DESCRIPTIONS GIVEN ABOVE.
…deserts
A … climate
… rainfall
… lands
the UK
… canyons
… plains
… hills
is
… droughts
Mountainous areas
typical of
the USA
… forests
… population
… floods
are
… temperatures
… resorts
Australia
… cyclones
A variety of natural resources
… prairie lands
Australia is located south of Asia, between the Pacific and the Indian
Oceans. It is a vast continent, made up of mainland Australia and of island
Tasmania to the south. The Australian continent is washed in the north by the
Timor and Arafura Seas and Torres Strait, in the east by the Tasman and Coral
Seas, of the South Pacific Ocean, in the south by Bass Strait and the Indian
Ocean. Australia is the flattest of the continents. Its most important chain is the
Great Dividing Range running down most of the east coast. Other mountains
include the Kimberley and Hamersley Ranges in Western Australia, the
Flinders Range in South Australia. The centre of the continent is taken by the
deserts: Great Sandy Desert, Great Victoria Desert, and Simpson Desert. There
are few rivers in Australia. Its best known river is the Murray. The longest is
the Darling.
The USA covers 9,372,614 square kilometres. It is washed by the Atlantic
Ocean in the east and by the Pacific Ocean in the west. It stretches from
Canada in the north to Mexico, the Gulf of Mexico, and the Gulf of
California in the south. The USA is divided into three areas: Eastern area –
highland, where the Appalachian Mountains are situated, Central area –
plain, and Western area which is mountainous and includes the Cordilleras
and the Rocky Mountains. The north-eastern part of the USA is the region
of the five Great Lakes. The St. Lawrence River joins the water of the five
lakes to the Atlantic Ocean. In the west of the USA there is another lake
called the Great Salt Lake. The main rivers of the USA are the Mississippi,
the Missouri, the Yukon, the Colorado, the Columbia, the St. Lawrence,
and the Hudson.
Great Britain is the name of the largest island of the British Isles and it is
made up of England, Scotland and Wales, it doesn’t include Northern
Ireland. Geographically, the island of Great Britain is subdivided into two
main regions – Lowland Britain and Highland Britain. Lowland Britain
comprises southern and eastern England. Highland Britain consists of
Scotland, most of Wales, the Pennines, and the Lake District. The Pennine
Chain extends southward from the Cheviot Hills into the Midlands. The
chief rivers of Great Britain are: the Severn, the Avon, the Thames and
some others. There are many lakes in Great Britain. The coasts of England
are washed by the North Sea, the Irish Sea, the English Channel and the
Strait of Dover. Scotland includes the Hebrides off the west coast, and the
Orkney and Shetland Islands off the north coast. It is bounded by the North
Sea in the east. The Highland of Scotland are among the oldest mountains
in the world. Most of the population of Scotland is concentrated in the
Lowlands. Here on the Clyde, is Glasgow, Scotland’s biggest city. Wales is
a highland country of old, hard rocks. North Wales is a country of
mountains and deep valleys. The pride of Wales in scenery is Snowdonia, a
region of high mountains. Snowdon is the highest mountain in England
and Wales.
Russia is washed in the north by the Atlantic Ocean and its seas: the Barents,
Chukchee, EastA, and Caspian Seas; in the east by the Bering Sea, the Sea of
Japan, and Okhotsk Sea; in the west by the Baltic Sea. The size of Russia is
hard to imagine. A flight from Moscow to Magadan takes eight hours. Russia
is a land of long rivers and large lakes. Among the world’s longest rivers rank
the North Dvina, the three mighty Siberian rivers: Ob, Lena and Yenisei, and
the Amur. The largest of all Russian rivers is the Volga. The three largest lakes
in Russia are Baikal in the South-Eastern Siberia and Ladoga and Onega in
Northern Russia. The relief of Russia is mostly flat. It’s located on two plains:
the Great Russian Plain and the Western Siberian Plain. There are three main
mountain ranges in Russia. The Caucasus stretches from the Black Sea to the
Caspian Sea. The highest mountain is Mount Elbrus. The Urals extend from
the Arctic Ocean to the steppes. They divide the European and Asian parts of
Russia.
GRAMMAR FOR REVISION
ARTICLES WITH GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES
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•
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•
•
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Article the is used with:
names of the countries with ‘Republic’, ’Kingdom’, ‘States’, ‘Federation’,
‘Union’: the United Kingdom, the Irish Republic;
names of the countries in Plural: the Netherlands, the Philippines;
names of oceans, seas, rivers, canals, straits, gulfs, waterfalls, groups of
lakes: the Great Lakes, the Thames, the Gulf of Mexico;
names of group of islands: the British Isles, the Bahamas;
names of deserts: the Sahara, the Simpson;
names of mountain ranges: the Alps, the Rocky Mountains;
names of some regions: the Middle East;
names of hotels, restaurants, pubs: the Hilton Hotel, the Red Lion (pub);
names of theatres, cinemas: the Bolshoi Theatre, the Odeon Cinema;
names of museums, galleries: the British Museum, the Tate Gallery;
names of other buildings: the Empire State Building, the White House;
names with …of…: the Tower of London, the Bank of England.
Names without the
• names of continents: America, Asia;
• names of countries: Canada, Russia;
• names of states, regions: Texas, Central Europe;
• names of cities, towns: Moscow, London;
• names of mounts, lakes: Mount Everest, Lake Baikal;
• names of parks, streets, roads, squares: Fifth Avenue, Hyde park, Union
Street;
• names (especially names of important buildings and institutions) consisting
of two words, the first word is usually the name of a person or a place:
Kennedy Airport, Cambridge University, London Zoo.
Fill in the definite article where necessary.
1. …Murrey and … Darling are … Australian greatest rivers.
2. A number of short rivers flow from … Australian Alps and … Blue Mountains
into … Pacific Ocean.
3. …New Zealand consists of three large islands: … North Island, … South Island
and … Steward Island.
4. … Wellington is the capital of … New Zealand.
5. … Russia is located on two plains.
6. … Highlands of … Scotland are among the oldest mountains in the world.
7. … USA is washed by … Pacific ocean in the West.
8. … Black Sea coast is a very good place for summer holidays in our country.
9. … Alaska is the largest state in …USA.
10. The centre of the continent is taken … Great Sandy Desert, … Great Victoria
Desert and … Simpson Desert.
Grammar for Revision
Make up sentences from the following words, add the definite article where
necessary.
1. River, in, Thames, England, the deepest, is.
2. Ocean, Sea, is, Kingdom, North, and, washed, United, Sea, Atlantic, by,
Irish.
3. Can, you, forests, mountains, deep, extensive, see, in, States, heavy, and,
high, United, and, deserts, canyons.
4. Biggest, on, Glasgow, Clyde, stands, Scotland’s, city.
5. Russia, flat, is, mostly, relief, the, of.
6. River, Darling, in, is, Australia, longest.
7. Heavy, is, with, Siberia, covered, forests.
8. Many, from, animals, America, attract, Australia, unique, and, of, Europe,
tourists.
9. Baikal, very, types, and, live, there, water, is, fish, and, many, in, clear, of,
plants.
10. Lakes, people, holidays, like, spend, of, Karelia, here, who, rich, in, fishing,
are, their, and, fish, many.
The geographical position of a country can explain a lot of things.
Why is Australia so different from other countries?
Millions of years ago, Australia was part of a huge continent called Gondwanaland.
But then Gondwanaland slowly moved and formed several different areas of land.
So, Australia became cut of from the rest of the world. That’s why the island’s
wildlife is so unique today. Probably, due to its geographical position, Australia
was the last continent inhabited by the white men.
GRAMMAR IN FOCUS
CAUSE AND EFFECT RELATIONS
ПРИЧИННО-СЛЕДСТВЕННЫЕ СВЯЗИ
1. Когда указывается причина каких-то событий, действий, явлений, используются
следующие союзы и выражения.
А) Союз because (потому что), который соединяет придаточное предложение с главным.
We didn’t go to the countryside because it was raining.
(Мы не поехали за город, потому что шел дождь.)
Когда большое внимание обращается на причину, по которой кто-то совершает какое-то
действие или из-за которой что-то происходит, придаточное предложение ставиться перед
главным и тогда союз because переводится как так как.
Because Australia is situated south of the Equator, the seasons are the other way round there.
(Так как Австралия находится к югу от экватора, времена года там следуют в обратном
порядке.)
В) Выражения thanks to (to the fact that) (благодаря тому что), due to (the fact that) (изза, благодаря тому, что), за которыми могут следовать как отдельные фразы, так и
придаточные предложения.
Thanks to its geographical position Australia is called the Land Down Under.
(Благодаря географическому положению Австралию называют страной на другом конце
света.)
Thanks to the fact that Australia is situated south of the Equator it is sometimes called the
Land Down Under.
(Благодаря тому, что Австралия находится к югу от экватора, ее иногда называют страной
на другом конце света.)
Due to a mild climate it is never very cold or very hot in Britain.
(Из-за мягкого климата погода в Британии не бывает ни очень холодной , ни очень жаркой.)
It is never very cold or very hot in Britain due to the fact that it has a mild climate.
(В Британии не бывает ни очень жарко, ни очень холодно из-за того, что там мягкий
климат.)
2. Если показывается следствие каких-то событий, действий, явлений, используются
следующие союзы и выражения.
А) Союз so that (так что, таким образом). В разговорной речи часто употребляются so и and
so.
Most of Australia is covered by four Great Deserts, so life is not easy there.
(Большая часть Австралии покрыта четырьмя Великими пустынями, так что жизнь там
нелегкая.)
Б) Выражение that’s why (поэтому).
Australia is cut off from the rest of the world, that’s why its wildlife is so unique.
(Австралия отрезана от всего мира, поэтому ее растительный и животный мир такой
уникальный.)
So и that’s why могут стоять вначале самостоятельного предложения.
Most of Australia is covered by four Great Deserts. So life is not easy there.
Australia is cut off from the rest of the world. That’s why its wildlife is so unique.
What factors explain the following peculiarities of Australia? Find the
explanations in the text describing Australia given above.
Because Australia was cut off from the rest of the world, it was the last
continent to be discovered.
1. The seasons are the other way round in Australia because…
2. Thanks to … Australia is sometimes called the Land Down Under.
3. Because … , people have to send a radio message to the flying doctor service
if they become ill.
4. Because … , the few rivers play an especially important role in people’s life.
5.
… . That’s why Australians suffer one of the world’s highest rates of skin
cancer from too much sun exposure.
6. … . So, life is not easy in Australia.
Grammar in Focus
Because the UK is an island state, its geographical position also
influences the life of the country and its people. Find the reasons or
the effects of the following facts in the text describing the UK given
above.
1. People go for their holidays or just on a day trip to the seaside. (так как)
2. Fishing has just always been an important industry. (поэтому)
3. When you travel to England by sea or air, it is very likely that you’ll arrive in the
Southeast. (таким образом)
4. Britain has a rich, fertile countryside which is famous for its deep green colour. (в
результате)
5. No place in Britain is more than 75 miles from the sea. (так как)
6. Great Britain has got more than 300 ports. (таким образом)
7. Fish and other seafood are very popular in Britain. (благодаря тому, что)
Grammar in Focus
How does the geographical position of the USA explain the following
facts about people’s life? Find the reasons in the text about the USA
given above.
1. When it is 9 am in Los Angeles, it’s already midday in New York.
2. Millions of Americans participate in water sports, such as swimming, surfing,
fishing, sailing, and water skiing.
3. Fresh grapefruits, oranges, lemons, melons, cherries, and peaches are not
imported. Low-cost, high-quality fruits, juices and vegetables are available any time
of the year.
4. A fast railroad train, traveling 96 kilometers an hour, takes more than 45 hours
to cross the country.
5. Americans who prefer various landscapes can easily spend interesting vacations
within the country.
Grammar in Focus
How does Russia’s geography influence the people’s life?
Combine the sentences using because, thanks to (the fact that), due to
(the fact that), so, that’s why.
1. Russia is a varied land of forests, mountains, high flat lands and fertile plains.
Almost every kind of climate may be found in Russia.
2. Russia is situated in the north and far from the warming effect of the oceans. Russia
has long and cold winters.
3. In Southern Russia there are the seas, beaches, and the mountains. Millions of tourists
visit the South every summer.
4. Most of Russia has a more or less four-season climate. The rhythms of everyday life
tend to follow the seasons.
5. Central Russia has a mild climate and rich soil. The region has some very rich
agricultural land.
6. Russia is rich in forests and mineral resources. They help Russia to be a world leader
in manufacturing.
7. There are many fruit and vegetable growing regions in Russia. Such items as
tomatoes, cucumbers, apples and various berries are not imported.
8. Russia covers an area of 17 million square kilometers. Airplane is a major factor in
mass transportation.
Grammar in Focus
TEST YOURSELF