Chapter 11 – Carbon
Chapter 11 Goals:
1.Classify organic compounds.
2. Recognize structural isomers and steroisomers.
3. Name and draw structures of common organic
compounds.
4. Know the common reactions of organic functional
groups.
5. Identify common polymers.
Isomerism
Isomers have identical ___________ but
different ______________
Two forms of isomerism
Constitutional (or structural)
Stereoisomerism
Constitutional
Same empirical formula but different atomto-atom connections
Stereoisomerism
Same atom-to-atom connections but
different _______________________.
Structural Isomers
Stereoisomers: geometrical
Cis-2-butene
Trans-2-butene
Stereoisomers: optical
• Optical isomers are molecules with
non-superimposable mirror images.
• Such molecules are called _________
• Pairs of chiral molecules are
_______________.
• Chiral molecules in solution can rotate
the plane of plane polarized light.
Stereoisomers
Chirality
generally occurs
when a C atom
has 4 different
groups
attached.
Lactic acid
Chirality
These molecules are nonsuperimposable mirror images.
Chirality
Right- and lefthanded seashells
The DNA here is
right-handed
Hydrocarbons
• Compounds of C and H
• Subgroups:
– Alk____: C-C single bonds
– Alk____: C=C double bonds
– Alk____: carbon-carbon triple
bonds
– ________: based on benzene
Hydrocarbons
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7CO2H
Trans Fatty Acids
tend to raise total
blood cholesterol
Functional Groups
Amides
Acids + Amines --> AMIDES
N-methylacetamide
Peptides and Proteins
O
H 3N
OŠ
H CH3
Alanine
HOCH 2
H 3N
+
H
OŠ
O
Serine
peptide bond
H
HOCH2
H
H 3N
O
N
H
O
OŠ
CH3
Polymers
• Giant molecules made by joining many
small molecules called monomers
• Average production is 150 kg per
person annually in the U.S.
Polyamide: Nylon-6,6
Polyamides
•Each monomer has 6 C atoms in its chain.
•A polyamide link forms on elmination of HCl
•Result = nylon 66
•Proteins are polyamides
Remember
• OWL end-of-chapter assignment is
required.