1. Roanoke p. 24
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Founded in 1585 by Sir Walter Raleigh; abandoned in 1590
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Raleigh took his cousin, Richard Grenville, to establish a colony off the coast of North Carolina. After dropping off settlers and taking out a small Indian village, he returned to England.
•
Francis Drake picked up defeated colonists the next year but Raleigh tried again in 1587. He was unable to return for
3 years because of a war with Spain. When he returned, all that he found was the word “Croatoan” carved on a post.
• The disaster ended Raleigh’s campaign in the New World, and no land grants were ever as big as Raleigh’s again.
•
Even after such a huge failure, former Virginian merchants became interested in settling again. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_location
_of_Jamestown_and_Roanoke_Island_Colonies.PNG

2. Jamestown p. 29-32
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Founded in 1607 by London Company
•
In 1606, James I issued a charter for the London
Company to settle in Virginia. Initially, Jamestown was barely surviving. They brought no women, and wasted their time looking for gold.
• John Smith completely turned things around by forcing work on the community. In 1609, the colony suffered from a great starvation only to be saved by their first governor Lord De La Warr.
•
In 1612, John Rolfe started to farm tobacco, which led to a demand for labor and created the headright system, which gave more land to newcomers if they brought more people with them
•
In 1619 the first elected legislature called the House of
Burgesses was held.
•
Birth place of American slavery http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_showing_lo cation_of_Jamestown_and_Roanoke_Island_Colo nies.PNG

3. Mass. Bay Colony p. 37-38
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Founded in 1630 by John Winthrop and Puritans
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Founders strived to create a holy model of a city, called “a city upon a hill”, and the colony was a theocracy
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The settlers were helped by Pilgrims and Natives, and the importance of families held communities together
•
Soon, the harsh life of the colony drove away settlers, who formed new communities. Thomas Hooker founded the town of Hartford and adopted its own constitution which made the new colony of Connecticut. Another colony known as New Haven split from Massachusetts, and eventually were put under control of Hartford.
•
Roger Williams was a dissenter who preached the split of the Mass. Church from the English and that the land belonged to the Natives. He fled and founded Providence in
Rhode Island, which became the only colony in which all religions could worship freely.
•
Anne Hutchinson attacked the presumptions of the elect clergy and feminine roles. She was banished from Mass., and one of her followers founded New Hampshire.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368431
/Massachusetts-Bay-Colony

4. St. Augustine p. 50
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Founded in September 1565 by Spanish
• After Jamestown was built, Spaniards feared the English expansion, so they built forts i.e. St. Augustine Fort
•
For most of 1700s there were frequent fights between the English and
Spanish, and in 1668 St. Augustine was sacked
•
English encouraged the natives to rise up against Spanish missions in http://www.city-data.com/city/St.-
Augustine-Florida.html
the hope to take over Florida
•
Spanish offered freedom for slaves if they became Catholics, some even became a military regiment that protected the northern border
•
For English, protecting southern border was a concern and helped found the colony of Georgia
• English eventually acquired Florida after the Seven Years’ War

5. Plymouth Bay Colony p. 36-37
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Founded in November 1620 by Scrooby Separatists AKA Pilgrims- wanted to spread Gospel to remote parts of world
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At first these Pilgrims had fled to Holland, but as they saw their younger followers start to leave the faith and everyone had poor jobs, they decided to head for Virginia in the Mayflower
•
Landed on Cape Cod instead, too late to move south so they went to
Plymouth and landed on Plymouth Rock
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Since Plymouth was not within a royal charter, they forged an agreement called the Mayflower Compact which established a government
•
Natives were a huge help to the colony, showing them how to farm and hunt
•
Later, a smallpox epidemic broke out and killed many of the native pop.
•
Not great farmers, but remarkable fishermen and fur traders
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Always poor
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William Bradford was chosen as governor
•
Influential to Protestants back in Europe to make the journey to America http://ed101.bu.edu/StudentDoc/Archives/E
D101sp07/rdbarett/

http://faithandheritage.com/wp content/uploads/2011/07/13Co lonies.jpg
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MarylandCecil Calvert establishes the state in 1634 for
Catholics. In 1649, the Act of
Toleration granted freedom of worship to Catholics which led to political fights with
Protestants
6. 13 Colonies p. 27-57
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CarolinasThe original proprietors gave up, but Anthony Cooper persisted in continuing the project. Cooper made settlements in Port Royal and Charleston. With help of John Locke, Cooper came up with the Fundamental Constitution of 1669 with a social hierarchy. There was religious freedom to all Christian faiths, and the headright system was used to bring in more settlers. There was a close trade partnership with
Barbados. The northern settlers were backwoods farmers while the southerners were aristocrats. After Cooper’s death, the colony split.
•
New York and New JerseyThe English navy took New Amsterdam from the Dutch.
Property and political power were unevenly divided. There was religious tolerance, but no representative assemblies. Both were religiously and ethnically diverse, but Jersey didn’t have a large class of landowners and it had a weak government.
•
Pennsylvania-
Founded by Quakers (Society of Friends) and William Penn. Penn’s recruiting and planning along with good climate and soil helped PA prosper. The people wanted the proprietor to have less power so the Charter of Liberties split the land into 3 counties and Delaware soon gained independence.
•
GeorgiaThe last colony to be founded, its purpose was to act as a military buffer against the Spanish and as a refuge for the impoverished. James Oglethorpe was the founder, and wanted to bring poor people to be farmer-soldiers. Africans and Catholics were excluded in fear of rebellion with Spanish.

7. Fort Duquesne p. 94
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Established by French in 1754, eventually became Pittsburgh
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Trading concessions given to the English by the Iroquois scared the French into building more forts like Duquesne
•
English started to make forts in response; tensions started to grow
•
In summer of 1754, Virginian governor sent George Washington into Ohio
Valley to halt French expansion http://www.citydata.com/city/Duquesne-
Pennsylvania.html
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He built Fort Necessity, and then attacked Fort Duquesne unsuccessfully
•
French countered and trapped Washington and his men in Necessity, forcing them to surrender

8. Proclamation of 1763 p. 100
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British government passed this in 1763 after French and
Indian War
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After war, frontiersmen automatically moved into Ohio
Valley even though native tribes were fighting the English
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British gov. feared conflict would hurt western trade, so they forbade settlers to go beyond the Appalachian Mountains
•
Natives supported the law as the best bargain available
•
Proclamation still ineffective because white settlers kept moving into the valley
•
This caused frustration and resentment from many of the colonists. They believed that England was denying them the spoils of the French and Indian War that they rightfully deserved.
http://bodysmartinc.com/photouid/ summary-of-the-proclamation-lineof-1763

http://members.trip
od.com/tutor_me/b ook/ordinance.htm
9. Northwest Territory p. 135-137
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Given up to America in the peace treaty of 1783
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Jefferson came up with the Ordinance of 1784, which divided the territory into 10 self-governing districts that could apply for statehood when its population exceeded that of the smallest state
•
In the Ordinance of 1785, Congress made up a system for surveying and selling the western land.
All of the territory north of the Ohio river would be split into grids and be sold, with a little land leftover for future use, which created the idea of public land. The revenue from the sold land was to be put toward a public school. The grid system became a model for future land and planning policies for the country. The grid also became the basic layout of many cities. This eliminated uncertainty about property borders and sped the development of western land. It hurt the formation of a community by dispersing farm families. These ordinances were backed by land speculators, but not by settlers.
•
Criticism of the land speculation led to the creation of the Northwest ordinance of 1787. It left behind the 10 districts and made one territory with religious freedom and prohibition of slavery.
• Natives fought back in the early 1790’s such as the Miami who were led by Little Turtle. General
Anthony Wayne defeated them in the Ohio Valley in 1794 in the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The
Miami signed the Treaty of Grenville which gave up lands to the U.S. for a formal acknowledgement of their claim to the territory. This was the first time the federal government recognized the sovereignty of the Indian nations.

10. Louisiana Purchase p. 179-180
•
Bought on April 30, 1803 for 15 million dollars
•
U.S. just wanted New Orleans initially
•
Napoleon needed cash to fund the wars he had with England and Spain
• He also couldn’t put down a rebellion in Haiti which convinced him not to waste his time on a new empire
•
Jefferson wanted the land to be used for farming, which also increased slavery
•
Republican ideology was preserved because the land helped the yeoman farmer and there was no area of condensed power
•
The purchase divided the country and its allies. The French sided with the
Republicans and the English sided with the federalists because they both felt like their power was being threatened
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Natives ended up losing a lot of la nd and lives because of the western expansion http://www.ducksters.com/history/westw ard_expansion/louisiana_purchase.php

11. Ohio River p. 137
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One of the first Europeans to see it, a Frenchman, saw it in 1669
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Served as southern border of the Northwest Territories
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Starts in Pittsburgh and flows down to Cairo, Illinois where it flows into the Mississippi River
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Also served as dividing border between settlements in Kentucky and native tribes in the Ohio Country
•
Much faster and less expensive than taking a wagon over the Appalachian Mountains
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Used to transport families, belongings westward
•
**See slide 15 for more information http://old.postgazette.com/images4/20100516ohio_river_swim_408.gif

12. Passage of Lewis and Clark p. 180-181
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Spring 1804- September 1806
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Jefferson planned expedition to cross the continent to the Pacific Ocean to gather geographical facts, and investigate trading with natives
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Merriweather Lewis: 32 year old named leader who was a veteran of Indian wars with wilderness survival skills
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William Clark: 28 year old experienced frontiersman and Indian fighter
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Started in Missouri River, St. Louis, crossed the Rocky Mountains, descended along the Snake and Columbia Rivers, and then camped on the Pacific coast
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Helped by the Shoshone Sacajawea as interpreter
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When they returned they had recorded geography and other native civilizations http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipe dia/commons/8/8a/Carte_Lewis-
Clark_Expedition-en.png

13. Missouri Compromise p. 205-206
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Approved by Congress in 1820
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The Tallmadge Amendment (prohibit slavery and emancipate slaves) provoked controversy
•
Controversy: allowing Missouri into country would upset balance of free and slave states, which put into question whether it should be a slave or a free state
•
Compromise: Maine is admitted as a free state and Missouri as a slave state
•
Thomas Amendment, which outlawed slavery in territory above the
36°30’ parallel excluding Missouri, was approved along with the states’ admittances
•
Fact of debate shows growing abolitionism
•
Nationalism prev ails- not pride for country; the idea of maintaining the power of the nation http://cdn.timerime.com/cdn-
4/upload/resized/20227/221922/r esized_image2_472d6d54b79a7cd c4f59a4462b90449d.jpg

14. Adams-Onis Treaty Line p. 204
Date: 1819
The Adams-Onis Treaty was an agreement between the United States and Spain negotiated by John Quincy Adams. In this Treaty, Spain ceded Florida to the U.S. and they gave up their claims to the Oregon Territory. In return, the
United States gave up its claims to Texas for the time being. This benefitted the United States because it expanded the nation’s territory and it helped fulfill the ultimate goal of Manifest
Destiny. www.en.wikipedia.org

15. Ohio River p. 100, 137, 261-263
Date: 1763, 1770s, 1784, 1787
During the 18 th century, the Ohio River was used as border to separate the Colonials and the Native Americans. The English
Colonists lived South of the river while the Natives lived
North of the river where they stayed until the start of the
American Revolution. Also, the Ohio River served as tool for transportation while Settlers continued to expand westward.
The river was used to transport a settler’s family and goods.
During the 19 th century, the river served as a mode for transportation for residents in Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana, and
Illinois. Farmers used the river to transport their crops and goods across the country in order to broaden their potential buyers. The Ohio River played a crucial role in the expansion of the United States.
**See slide 11 for more information www.watertown.k12.ma.us

16. Mississippi River p. 156, 356-358
Date: 1795, 1862
The United States were first allowed to navigate the Mississippi River after Pinckney's Treaty was signed in 1795. Spain recognized the right of
Americans to navigate the Mississippi to its mouth and to deposit goods at New Orleans for reloading on oceangoing ships. The Mississippi River also played a major role during the Civil War. The capturing of the Mississippi River was a major reason why the Union won. The Mississippi River is the largest river in North America and it was a major asset to the Union army. With control of the
Mississippi, the Union army was able to launch successful naval attacks such as the attack against
New Orleans. www.watertown.k12.ma.us

17. Oregon Trail p. 315
Date: 1850s
The major route westward during the 1850s was the Oregon Trail, which stretched from
Independence across the Great Plains and through the South Pass of the Rockies. This
2000 mile trail was utilized by many for many different reasons. This trail was primarily used for westward expansion. The journey across the Oregon Trail could last as long as five to six months, but the end reward was worth it. The Oregon Trail promoted the idea of Manifest Destiny and ultimately contributed to achieving it. www.nps.gov

18. Santa Fe Trail p. 200, 315
Date: 1821, 1850s
The Santa Fe Trail played a very similar role to the Oregon Trail. They both encouraged and allowed westward expansion and achieving
Manifest Destiny. Also, trips along the trail lasted several months and had many dangers such as disease and the presence of Native Americans.
The Santa Fe Trail played a major role in the
California Gold Rush. The Santa Fe Trail allowed for a straightforward route to get to the desired
California gold mines. www.guaranteeddepartures.com

19. Mormon Trail p. 294-296
Date: early 1840s
The Mormon Trail allowed for an escape route for the discriminated against Mormons. It helped the
Mormons expand westward and for the most part avoid trouble. Also, the Mormon Trail allowed for the expansion of their religion. Along the way, the
Mormons promoted their religion to those living nearby the trail. This massively increased the numbers of Mormon believers and put the
Mormon religion on a national stage. www.nps.gov

20. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo p. 319
Date: 1848
President James K. Polk sent Nicholas Trist to negotiate a settlement between the United
States and Mexico. On February 2, 1848 he reached an agreement with the Mexican government called the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo. This treaty called for Mexico to cede
California and New Mexico to the United States and acknowledge the Rio Grande as the boundary of Texas, In return, the U.S. paid the
Mexican government $15 million dollars. Tis treaty greatly increased the nation’s territory and led to the fulfillment of Manifest Destiny. www.andrewghist580.wordpress.com

21. Salt Lake Valley p. 296
Date: 1847
Salt Lake Valley was primarily a place for Mormons.
After the Mormons were shoved out of
Independence, MO they traveled along the
Mormon Trail and eventually settled in Salt Lake
Valley. Salt Lake Valley turned out to be a long lasting settlement for the Mormons. From there, the Mormons were able to grow and expand their religion across the United States. www.t4america.org

22. Nebraska Territory p. 327
Date: 1854
Senator Stephen A. Douglas wanted a transcontinental railroad for his own section.
As a result, he introduced bill in January 1853 to organize a huge white settlement know as
Nebraska, west of Iowa and Missouri. This settlement would play a major role in the
Kansas-Nebraska Act which will lead to a lot of conflict. The Kansas-Nebraska Act called for the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to admitted as either free or slave states based on the idea of popular sovereignty. This led to much conflict and gave Kansas the nickname of Bleeding Kansas. www.legendsofamerica.com

23. Fort Sumter p. 338, 339
Date: 1861
Fort Sumter, in Charleston, South Carolina, was one of the two forts the seceding states took under their control. The Union tried to take the fort back peacefully by sending an unarmed merchant ship, but Confederate guns turned it back. This was not the start of the Civil War, but it certainly established the Confederacy. Lincoln knew Fort Sumter was running out of supplies so he made one last attempt to compromise peacefully by sending a ship to Fort Sumter full of supplies. When the Confederacy refused to make peace, the Union bombarded the fort for two days and on April 14, 1861 Anderson surrendered and the Civil War had begun. www.battleatcharleston.com

24. Vicksburg p. 355, 361-363
Date: 1863
While Union forces were suffering continued frustrations in the East, they were winning important battles in the West. In the spring of
1863, General Ulysses S. Grant attacked Vicksburg in Mississippi. In May, Grant boldly moved men and supplies to an area south of the city, where the terrain was reasonably good. From there, he attacked Vicksburg from the rear and then, six weeks later Vicksburg fell. This was an important victory for the Union because it boosted their spirits and continued to fulfill, little by little, the
Anaconda Plan.
www.delsjourney.com

25. Gettysburg p. 363
Date: 1863
On July 1, 1863, the most celebrated battle of the
Civil War was fought, the Battle of Gettysburg. The
Battle of Gettysburg was make or break for the
Confederate Army. This was there chance to show foreign countries that they had a legitimate shot of winning the war. There hope was short lived because after Pickett’s Charge failed, the Union army overwhelmed the Confederate Army and won the battle. This squashed any chance the
Confederacy had of receiving aid from France or
Britain and more importantly, winning the war. The
Battle of Gettysburg was the most important battle of the Civil War and it led the Union army to victory. www.epodunk.com

26. Antietam p. 344, 361
Date: 1862
The Battle of Antietam was a chance for the Union Army to defeat General Robert
E. Lee and is men once and for all.
General McClellan was fortunate enough to get his hands on Lee’s battle plans, but unfortunately for the Union, he didn't’t act quickly enough on them.
Instead of an easy victory, McClellan’s
87,000 squared off against Lee's 50,000 in a battle that produced mass casualties. Finally, the Confederate’s line broke and instead of defeating the
Confederate army once and for all,
McClellan let Lee and his men retreat.
Even though the Union won the battle, this was a huge missed opportunity for the Union army and it led to the firing of
George McClellan. www.gibbarchaeology.net