Living Systems
3 main fluid compartments:

___________________________________________

___________________________________________

___________________________________________
Fluid compartments contain molecules (____), ions (______, _______) macromolecules (nutrients such as ______________). Nutrients provide energy for repair and growth.
4 Types of Macromolecules (see Table 10.1 p. 403)
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
1. Carbohydrates:
• Contain elements ___, ___, ___
• Provide short & long term _______________________________
• 2 main types: simple sugars & polysaccharides
– Simple sugars (___________________________________)
• 3 to 7 carbons
• E.g. Glucose, fructose
– Disaccharides
• Made of ___________________________________
• E.g. Sucrose, maltose, lactose

– Polysaccharides

Many _______________ simple sugars

E.g. Starch, cellulose

Glycogen
• A polysaccharide made up of ___________________ sub-units
2. Lipids
• _________________________________________
• _____________________________________ molecules
• Basic structure (____________________________)
– _____________________ (consists of 3 C) each attached to a _____________________
• Other type of lipid called __________________________
• E.g. Butter, lard, oils

3. Proteins
• Assembled from small sub-units called _______________________
• Amino acids joined together by __________________________
• There are ____ different amino acids (8 are essential – 12 are non-essential)
• Chains of amino acids called _________________________________
• Most enzymes are _________________ (e.g. insulin)

4. Nucleic Acids
• Two types: _______________________________
• Nucleic Acids direct growth and development of all organisms using a _____________________
How are macromolecules broken down??
• Hydrolysis
– The chemical reaction in which ______________ breaks apart macromolecules into smaller molecules
– Breakdown of the ________________________ also involves a special class of protein molecules called ENZYMES
• Enzymes
– Act as _____________________, increasing the rate of the chemical reaction without being _______________.
Table 10.2 on page 404
Figure 10.2 on page 404

Micronutrients
• ____________________________________ substances that enable chemical reactions to occur
• Role
– Aid in tissue _____________________________________________________________
– Needed for a healthy, functional body
– See page 405 Table 10.3
Water
• Many Roles
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________________
– _______________________________________________
– _______________________________________________
• Vital for maintaining body’s fluid balance
Learning Check, Section 10.1 Part 1 p. 406 #1 – 6
How Do Animals Obtain Food?
• Heterotrophs
– ________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
• Four feeding mechanisms to obtain food
– ________________________
– ________________________
– ________________________
– ________________________

1) Filter Feeders
– Aquatic animals that _____________________ into its mouth and then filters it to smaller organisms to digest
– E.g. Tube worms, clams, whales, tube sponges
2) Substrate Feeders
– _____________________________ their food source, eating their way through it
– E.g. Caterpillars, earthworm
3) Fluid Feeders
– Special mouth parts adapted to ____________________________________________ and obtain nutrient-rich fluids from _________________________________________
– E.g. Mosquitoes, ticks, spiders, hummingbirds
4) Bulk Feeders
– Ingest large pieces of food and _____________________________________________
– E.g. Many animals, most vertebrates including us!
Four Stages of Food Processing:
Stage What happens?
Ingestion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination

Digestion and the Alimentary Canal
A tube that has a _______________ at one end to ingest food and an _____________ at the other end to eliminate waste e.g. earthworm
Mechanical vs. Chemical Digestion
Mechanical Digestion

___________________________ of the food into smaller bits
Chemical Digestion

___________________________ of nutrient molecules into smaller molecules by
___________________________ e.g. amylase
Digestive Tract Lengths
• Length of tract varies on ____________________________ of the species.
• Herbivores & omnivores (like humans)- tend to have ___________________________________
– digestion of cellulose (cell wall of plant cells) are more difficult to digest than animal tissues
– longer tracts allow for ___________________ needed for digestion.
• Carnivores- ____________________________________________, less time needed for proper digestion.
4.1 Review p.410# 6,7,9,11-14