First Picture The Production Possibilities Frontier Tradeoffs in Pictures Quantity of Computers Produced D 3,000 C 2,200 2,000 A B 1,000 0 Feasible but Inefficient 300 600 700 Infeasible Pts Production Possibilities Frontier Efficient Points 1,000 Quantity of Cars Produced Second Picture Supply and Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone Supply $3.00 Equilibrium 2.50 2.00 1.50 1.00 Demand 0.50 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Supply and Demand on Parade Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright © 2001 by Harcourt, Inc. An Increase in Demand Price of Ice-Cream Cone 1. Hot weather increases the demand for ice cream... Supply $2.50 New equilibrium 2.00 2. ...resulting in a higher price... Initial equilibrium D2 D1 0 3. ...and a higher quantity sold. 7 10 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones A Decrease in Supply Price of Ice-Cream Cone S2 1. An earthquake reduces the supply of ice cream... S1 New equilibrium $2.50 2.00 Initial equilibrium 2. ...resulting in a higher price... Demand 0 1 2 3 4 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 3. ...and a lower quantity sold. Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones Elastic Demand: Quantity demanded responds dramatically to price Price Elasticity is greater than 1 1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4 Demand Quantity 50 100 2. ...leads to a 67% decrease in quantity. Inelastic Supply: Quantity doesn’t respond much to price Price Elasticity is less than 1 Supply 1. A 22% $5 increase in price... 4 Quantity 100 110 2. ...leads to a 10% increase in quantity. Consumer Surplus and Producer Surplus Price A D Equilibrium price Supply Consumer surplus E Producer surplus B Demand C 0 Equilibrium quantity Quantity Efficiency of Competitive Market Equilibrium … and the Tax Wedge Price Supply Value to buyers Cost to sellers Cost to sellers 0 Value to buyers Demand Equilibrium quantity Value to buyers is greater than cost to sellers. Value to buyers is less than cost to sellers. Quantity Remember MR = MC and market price is the marginal revenue of a price-taking competitive firm MR = P = MC The Effects of a Tariff Deadweight Loss Price of Steel Domestic supply A Deadweight loss B Price with tariff C Price without tariff G 0 D Q 1S E Imports with tariff Q 2S Tariff F Domestic demand Q 2D Q 1D Imports without tariff World price Quantity of Steel GDP: Real and Nominal • Gross Domestic Product (GDP): the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country during a year. GDP = C + I + G + Ex – Im = C + I + G + NX • Real GDP adjusts for inflation Nominal GDP = $GDP = P x Q $ GDP = GDP Deflator x Real GDP Real GDP = Q = $GDP/P = Nominal GDP divided by (deflated by) the GDP Price Deflator Foreign Exchange Rate: Appreciation and Depreciation • A currency appreciates when it buys more of a foreign currency. – Appreciation makes foreign goods cheaper. – Appreciation Imports Up and Exports Down. • A currency depreciates when it buys less of a foreign currency. – Depreciation makes foreign goods more expensive. – Depreciation Imports Down and Exports Up. Current Account vs. Financial Account • The balance of payments must balance Current Account + Financial Account = 0 – If we buy more goods and services from foreigners than they buy from us, we have to borrow the difference sell them our IOUs. Capital inflows help finance domestic investment and the government’s deficit Interest Rates: Nominal and Real • Nominal Interest Rate (i): the interest rate observed in the market. • Real Interest Rate (r): the nominal rate adjusted for inflation (). Real Interest Rate = Nominal Interest Rate – Inflation Rate r=i- • Low real interest rates spur business investment spending (the I in C + I + G + NX) Imports and Exports The demand for imports depends on current economic activity, Y IM = IMa + mpi Y “mpi” is the marginal propensity to import Exports are exogenously determined they depend on conditions in foreign economies, not our economy Net exports is NX = EX – (IMa + mpi Y) or NX = NXa – mpi Y Net expects decrease as the economy expands Demand-Side Equilibrium and the Multiplier At equilibrium: Y = C + I + G + NX = AE Increase in Y = Spending Multiplier x {Increase in Autonomous Spending} Multiplier = 1/(mps + mpi)