Comprehensive
Agrarian
Reform
Program
An Example
Overview
CARP, or the Comprehensive Agrarian
Reform Program, is the redistribution of
public and private agricultural lands to
farmers and farmworkers who are landless,
irrespective
of
tenurial
arrangement.
CARP’s vision is to have an equitable land
ownership with empowered agrarian reform
beneficiaries who can effectively manage
their economic and social development to
have a better quality of life.
Overview
The legal basis for CARP is the Republic Act No.
6657 otherwise known as Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) signed by
President Corazon C. Aquino on June 10, 1988.
It is an act which aims to promote social justice
and industrialization, providing the mechanism
for its implementation, and for other purposes.
Source: http://www.dar.gov.ph/ra-6657-what-is-carpcomprehensive-agrarian-reform-program
History of Agrarian Reform
Spanish Era
Encomienda System
- Spanish encomienderos manage and
have the right to receive tributes from
the natives tilling the land
- encomienderos must protect the
natives and further introduce them
into Catholic faith in exchange for
tribute from the latter
History of Agrarian Reform
Emilio Aguinaldo
“All the estates, edifices and other
property possessed by the religious
corporations in these islands shall be
deemed restored to the Philippine State
as of May 24, 1898 when the dictatorial
government has been constituted in
Cavite.”
(Malolos
Constitution,
Additional Article)
History of Agrarian Reform
American Era
Being landless was the main cause of
social unrest and revolt
 Land Registration Act of 1902
 Homestead Program (1903)
 First and Second Public Land Acts
(1903 / 1919)
History of Agrarian Reform
American Era
 Friar Land Act (1930)
 Rice Share Tenancy Act (1933)
 Sugarcane Tenancy Contracts Act
(1933)
History of Agrarian Reform
Manuel Quezon
1935 Constitution
“The Congress may authorize, upon
payment of just compensation, the
expropriation of lands to be
subdivided into small lots and
conveyed at cost to individuals.”
(Article 13, Section 4)
History of Agrarian Reform
Manuel Quezon
 Rice Tenancy Law
 National Land Settlement
Administration (CA 441)
 Commonwealth Act No. 461
 Commonwealth Act No. 608
History of Agrarian Reform
Japanese Era
HUKBALAHAP (Hukbong Bayan Laban
sa mga Hapon)
- took over vast tracts of land and
gave the land to the people
History of Agrarian Reform
Manuel Roxas
 Republic Act No. 34
 Bought 8,000 hectare Ayala-Zobel
land in Batangas which was sold to
landless farmers
History of Agrarian Reform
Elpidio Quirino
LASEDECO (Land Settlement
Development Corporation)
History of Agrarian Reform
Ramon Magsaysay
 Agricultural Tenancy Act (1954)
 Act establishing the National
Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration (NARRA) (1954)
 “Land to the Landless” Program
(1955)
History of Agrarian Reform
Diosdado Macapagal
Father of Agrarian Reform
 Agricultural Land Reform Code
(1963)
History of Agrarian Reform
Ferdinand Marcos
 Code of Agrarian Reforms in the
Philippines (1971)
 Presidential Decree No. 2 (1972)
 Presidential Decree No. 27 (1972)
History of Agrarian Reform
Corazon Aquino
1987 Constitution
“The State shall promote
comprehensive rural development
and agrarian reform.’ (Article 2,
Section 21)
History of Agrarian Reform
Corazon Aquino
 Proclamation 131(1987)
 Executive Order 228 (1987)
 Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Law (1988)
 Executive Order 406 (1990)
History of Agrarian Reform
Fidel Ramos
Issued several Administrative Orders
prescribing specific rules and
regulations governing the provisions
of CARL which bridged the policy
gaps on land acquisition and
distribution, land evaluation and case
resolution
History of Agrarian Reform
Joseph Ejercito Estrada
MAGKASAKA (Magkabalikat Para sa
Kaunlarang Agraryo)
History of Agrarian Reform
Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo
BAYAN-ANIHAN
 Salin-Lupa
 Katarungan
 Bayanihan
 Kabayanihan
 Kamalayan
History of Agrarian Reform
Gloria Macapagal - Arroyo
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform
Program Extension with Reforms
(CARPER) (2009)
History of Agrarian Reform
Benigno Aquino III
“Sinimulan po ng aking ina ang
Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program.
Nararapat lamang na matapos ang
programang ito sa panahon ng aking
panunungkulan… ang atas ng batas, ang
atas ng taumbayan, at ang atas ko: Bago
ako bumaba sa pwesto, naipamigay na
dapat ang lahat ng lupaing sakop ng
CARP.” (3rd SONA , July 2012)
Theory Application
What theories / models are
applicable to the Comprehensive
Agrarian Reform Program?
Rationality
Some of the Alternatives:
 No action
 Partial reform policies
advantageous to land owners
 Partial agrarian reform
advantageous to peasants
 Partial agrarian reform
advantageous to both parties
 Total reform advantageous to the
government
Incrementalism
The CARP is the product of a series of
amendments and improvement to
the previous agrarian reform policies
enacted and implemented by past
administrations.
Institutionalism
The Department of Agrarian Reform
(DAR) was created to be the lead
implementing agency of the CARP.
As such, DAR carries out the
provisions of the CARL (RA6657) and
formulates operational rules and
regulations
to
perform
their
mandated functions.
Group Theory
 Encomienderos
 Natives
 Landlords
 Peasants
 Japanese
 Government
 Landowners
and Workers
 Militant Groups
 Militant Groups
 Tenant Farmers
Elite Theory
Magsaysay was able to convince the
elite controlled Congress to pass
several land reform legislation.
Elite Theory
Political and economic elites in the
Congress were able to “sabotage”
the reform efforts of the Macapagal
administration by not exerting any
effort to pass a separate bill which
should have provided funding for the
Agricultural Land Reform Code.
System
Social Unrest
(Landlessness)
Black Box of
Government
CARP
Process
Social
unrest
PARC
Secretariat
Landlessness
DAR
Agrarian
Reform
RA 6657
Mixed Scanning
 As
an application of mixed scanning, it
would contain a build-up of the past
issues and accomplishments with periodic
and routine reviews that are rational in
nature. From the amendments done on
CARP which brought on CARPER.
Game Theory
Landlords
(A)
Cooperate Ignore
Govt
(B)
Promote
Landlord’s
Interests
A: +10
B: 5
C: -5
A: -10
B: 0
C: -10
Cooperate
Promote
Peasant’s
Interests
A: -5
B: 5
C: -10
A: +10
B: 0
C: -10
Ignore
Peasants
(C)