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CHAPTER FOCUS
SECTION 1 The Portuguese
SECTION 2 The Spanish
SECTION 3 Northwest Passage
CHAPTER SUMMARY & STUDY GUIDE
CHAPTER ASSESSMENT
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Overview
• Chapter 30 discusses European trade and
exploration from the 15th to the 17th
centuries. 
– Section 1 discusses Portuguese
explorations and discoveries. 
– Section 2 describes the Spanish race
for new trade routes and overseas
claims. 
– Section 3 explains how England,
France, and the Netherlands
established claims in the Americas.
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Objectives
After studying this chapter, you will be able to:
• explain why Europeans searched for a sea
route to India. 
• list Portuguese discoveries. 
• cite discoveries financed by Spain. 
• discuss how the search for a northwest
passage affected the Americas.
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Read to Discover
• Why the Europeans searched for a direct
sea route to Asia 
• What Portuguese explorers accomplished
• How explorers financed by Spain sailed to
the Americas and beyond 
• How the search for a northwest passage
affected the history of the Americas
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the information. The Chapter Focus is on page 467 of your textbook.

Terms to Learn
• compass 
• Henry the Navigator 
• astrolabe 
• Vasco da Gama 
• caravel 
• Christopher Columbus 
• mutiny 
• Ponce de León 
• papal line of
demarcation 
• Ferdinand Magellan 
• conquistadores 
• sea dogs 
People to Know
Places to Locate
• Cape of Good Hope 
• St. Lawrence River 
• Hudson River
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Why It’s Important
By the 1500s, Italy controlled Europe’s trade
with India and other parts of Asia. To break the
Italian hold on trade, other European nations
began to search for an all-water route to the
east. They hoped their journeys would enrich
their countries and spread Christianity.
A number of developments–such as more
accurate maps, improved ships, and better
navigation instruments–aided European
explorers. One instrument was the compass,
which has a magnetic needle that always
points north. Another was the astrolabe, which
measures the angle of the stars and helps
sailors find latitude. These journeys
changed world history forever.
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The Portuguese
• The desire for new trade routes led to a
great age of exploration in the 1400s. 
• The Portuguese were among the first to
travel beyond the Mediterranean Sea. 
• The accomplishments of Prince Henry the
Navigator and the discoveries of
Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco da Gama
opened the way for later explorations.
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the information. Section 1 begins on page 467 of your textbook.
Prince Henry
• Prince Henry the Navigator, son of the
king of Portugal, was eager to explore the
African west coast to search for gold and
also hoped to find a new route to the Far
East for spices. 
• In the early 1400s, Henry set up the first
European school for navigators in Sagres,
Portugal. 
• Henry also worked with others to design
and build better ships, resulting in the
Portuguese caravel.
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Prince Henry (cont.)
• When Henry sent explorers south along
Africa's west coast, they discovered the
Gold Coast, Cape Verde, the Azores,
Madeira, and Canary islands. 
• When Henry died in 1460, Portuguese
caravels had only gone part of the way
down the west coast of Africa.
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Bartolomeu Dias
• Exploration continued, and in 1473, the
Equator was crossed. 
• In 1487, Bartolomeu Dias touched several
points on Africa's west coast and went on
to reach Africa's east coast, after his ships
were blown around the tip of the continent
by a storm.
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Vasco da Gama
• In the summer of 1497, a Portuguese noble
named Vasco da Gama led a convoy, or
group, of four ships from Lisbon, Portugal. 
• Da Gama's convoy rounded the Cape of
Good Hope and sailed north along the
east coast of Africa toward the island of
Mozambique, a Muslim trading center. 
• Da Gama's voyage opened the way for
later explorations and for an era of
increased trade.
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Section Assessment
Why was Dias’s trip important?
It was important because the
Portuguese now knew they could
reach the Far East by sailing
around Africa.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What were the results of da
Gama’s voyage to India?
It opened the way for later
explorations and for a new era of
increased trade, and made Lisbon a
major trading center.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Predicting Consequences How do
you think the lives of African
Americans today might be different if
Prince Henry the Navigator had not
sent explorers to West Africa?
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 471
of your textbook, and use it to show
the accomplishments of Portuguese
leaders in exploration.
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
The Spanish
• By 1492, Spain had become a Christian
country united under King Ferdinand and
Queen Isabella and was now ready to enter
the race for new trade routes.
. Section 2 begins on page 471 of your textbook.
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Christopher Columbus
• Christopher Columbus was a skilled
navigator from Genoa, Italy. 
• Columbus believed he could reach Asia by
sailing west, and he tried for eight years to
convince rulers from different nations to
finance an expedition. 
• Finally, Queen Isabella agreed to finance
the voyage. 
• Columbus set sail from Spain in August
1492, with three small ships–the Niña, the
Pinta, and the Santa Maria–and a crew of
about 90 sailors.
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Christopher Columbus (cont.)
• After a while into the voyage, Columbus's
crew became afraid, urged their captain to
turn back, and threatened mutiny, or an
overthrow of officers. 
• Columbus landed in the Bahamas,
probably Watling Island, but because he
thought he had reached the Indies,
Columbus called the people Indians. 
• In Cuba, Columbus found Native
Americans smoking cigars; this was the
first European contact with tobacco.
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Christopher Columbus (cont.)
• Columbus made four voyages in all and
also explored the coasts of Venezuela and
Central America. 
• He died in 1504, never realizing that he
had discovered the Americas.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas
• As the Spanish monarchs were worried that
Portugal might try to take riches Columbus
had discovered, they asked Pope Alexander
VI for help. 
• In 1493, the Pope drew a papal line of
demarcation, or an imaginary line from
the North Pole to the South Pole, giving
the Spanish the land west of this line and
the Portuguese the lands to the east.
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The Treaty of Tordesillas (cont.)
• The Portuguese protested this line of
demarcation, leading to the Treaty of
Tordesillas in 1494. 
• Most countries simply ignored the line
and treaty.
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The Conquistadores
• Over the next few years, Spanish
conquistadores, or conquerors, set out to
find the gold Columbus had talked about
and to explore new lands. 
• In 1513, Ponce de León sailed north from
the island of Puerto Rico to explore
Florida. 
• That same year, Vasco Núñez de Balboa
crossed the isthmus of Panama and
became the first European to see the
Great South Sea.
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The Conquistadores (cont.)
• Between 1519 and 1521, Hernando Cortés
invaded Mexico. 
• In 1532, Francisco Pizarro invaded Peru
and conquered the Inca Empire. 
• In 1539, Hernando de Soto sailed from
Cuba to Florida and explored westward
and up the Mississippi River. 
• In 1540, Francisco Coronado led an army
overland from Mexico into the present-day
United States, reaching the Grand
Canyon.
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The Conquistadores (cont.)
• Thus, between 1492 and 1550, Spain
explored an area from North America
through Central America and the West
Indies to South America.
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Ferdinand Magellan
• In 1517, Portugal controlled the profitable
eastern route to the Indies. 
• This angered the Spanish king. So, when
a Portuguese sailor named Ferdinand
Magellan offered to find Spain a western
route to the Indies, the King accepted the
offer. 
• In 1519, Magellan sailed through a stormy
strait at the tip of South America. 
• Magellan sailed on into the Great South
Sea and renamed it the Pacific Ocean.
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Ferdinand Magellan (cont.)
• Magellan set a southwest course for the
Philippine Islands. 
• By circumnavigating the earth the voyage
was a great accomplishment in proving
that Earth is round. 
• It also proved that Columbus did not land
in Asia but in the Americas.
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Section Assessment
What were some discoveries
made by the Spanish between
1513 and 1540?
They discovered Florida, Mexico,
Peru, the Mississippi River, the
Grand Canyon, and the Pacific
Ocean.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
What did Magellan’s voyage
prove?
His voyage proved that the world was
round.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Making Comparisons Which of
Spain’s explorers do you think
advanced knowledge of the world the
most? Explain.
Answers will vary.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 476
of your textbook, and use it to show
some of the effects of Columbus’s
voyages.
Sample effects: opened contact
between Europe and the Americas, led
to the exploration and conquest by the
conquistadores, changed the course of
Native American history, and paved the
way for a Spanish empire in the
Americas
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Northwest Passage
• Even after the Americas were reached, the
English, French, and Dutch continued to
look for another route to the Far East. 
• English merchants persuaded their king to
send John Cabot, an Italian navigator, to
the Far East by a northwest route. 
• In 1523, the French hired Giovanni da
Verrazano, another Italian navigator, who
sailed along the Atlantic coast from North
Carolina to New York.
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the information. Section 3 begins on page 476 of your textbook.
Northwest Passage (cont.)
• Jacques Cartier, a French navigator, sailed
up the St. Lawrence River as far as presentday Montreal, giving the French a claim to
eastern Canada. 
• In 1576, Sir Martin Frobisher, an English
sea dog, or sea captain, sailed the coast
of Greenland and discovered the bay that
today bears his name. 
• In 1609, the Dutch sent Henry Hudson, an
English navigator, to locate the passage.
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Northwest Passage (cont.)
• While all of these voyages failed in their
search to find a northwest passage to the
Far East, they did establish claims in the
Americas for England, France, and the
Netherlands.
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Section Assessment
How did English, French, and Dutch
explorers plan to reach Asia?
They planned to reach Asia by a
northwest passage.
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Section Assessment (cont.)
What lands in the Americas were
claimed by England? By
France? By the Netherlands?
England claimed Newfoundland, and
Nova Scotia. France claimed lands
along the St. Lawrence River. The
Netherlands claimed lands along the
Hudson River.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Demonstrating Reasoned Judgment
What characteristics or kinds of
personalities do you think the
English, French, and Dutch explorers
had to have to achieve what they
did?
Answers will vary. These explorers
needed to be brave, adventurous, or
greedy, or they liked traveling.
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the answer.
Section Assessment (cont.)
Recreate the diagram on page 478 of
your textbook, and use it to show the
causes and effects of the search for
a northwest passage.
Sample responses: Causes–Spanish
and Portuguese control of southern
sea lands, desire of other European
nations for sea routes to the Far East;
Effects–exploration of North America’s
Atlantic coast; land claims by England,
France, and the Netherlands
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide
• By the 1300s, Europeans tried to break the
Italian hold on trade by searching for an allwater route to India and beyond. 
• The development of better maps, ships,
and navigation instruments helped
Europeans in their search. 
• In the early 1400s, Prince Henry of
Portugal opened the first school in Europe
for navigators.
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the answer.
Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• By 1473, Portuguese ships had crossed
the equator. By 1498, they had reached
India. 
• Between 1492 and 1504, Columbus made
four voyages to what he thought was Asia
but was really the Americas. 
• In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas divided
non-Christian lands between Spain and
Portugal, but other nations ignored the
agreement.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• In the first half of the 1500s, Cortés and
Pizarro conquered the Aztec and Inca
empires, encouraging other explorers to
search for other empires in the Americas. 
• Between 1519 and 1522, Magellan’s
expedition sailed around the world, proving
that Columbus did not land in Asia. 
• Between 1497 and 1609, England, France,
and the Netherlands sent explorers to find
a northwest passage through the Americas.
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Chapter Summary & Study Guide (cont.)
• Early English, French, and Dutch voyages
paved the way for future claims in North
America.
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Understanding the Main Idea
What were some of the problems
that European explorers faced on
their voyages of discovery?
storms, scurvy, spoiled food and
water, and starvation
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Understanding the Main Idea
What was the first European
settlement in the Americas?
a fort built with wood from the Santa
Maria
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
What are three bodies of water
named after European explorers?
Strait of Magellan, Frobisher Bay,
and Hudson River
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the answer.
Understanding the Main Idea
How long did it take Magellan’s
ship to sail around the world?
three years
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Understanding the Main Idea
What did voyages in search of a
northwest passage to Asia
accomplish?
claims in the Americas for England,
France, and the Netherlands
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Critical Thinking
Why do you think Queen Isabella of
Spain agreed to support Columbus
when others had turned him down?
She thought finding a new route to
Asia would make Spain richer.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How do you think Native Americans
felt about the conquistadores?
Answers will vary.
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the answer.
Critical Thinking
How did competition between
nations affect European voyages of
exploration?
Each nation wanted to extend its
trade and power, and to be richer
than other nations. They thought
they could do this by finding a new
route to the Far East. The search led
to the discovery of the Americas.
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the answer.
Geography in History
Movement The lengths of voyages
made by explorers were very
different. Whose voyage from
Portugal to India was longer in miles
(or kilometers)–da Gama’s or
Cabral’s? How many miles (or
kilometers) long was it?
da Gama’s; about 2,900 miles (or
4,666 km) longer
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the answer.
How did discoveries by nonEuropeans help Europeans begin
their voyages of exploration?
Make a cause-and-effect chart
showing these relationships. Add
a summary statement to explain
your chart.
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1487
1494
Dias rounds the
tip of Africa
Treaty of
Tordesillas
1492
Columbus
reaches the
Americas
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the information.
1498
1521
Vasco da Gama
reaches India
Hernando Cortés
invades Mexico
1519
Magellan begins
journey across
the Pacific
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Ferdinand Magellan
c.
1480–1521
Portuguese Navigator
Born a noble, Magellan sailed on early
Portuguese voyages to India. However,
when he sought permission to look for a
new western route to this region,
Portuguese rulers turned him down. He
moved to Spain, where he received
funding for his voyage. Sailing as a
Spanish citizen, Magellan charted a
journey that proved what the Greeks had
guessed–that the world was round and
that the continents of the earth were
linked by bodies of water.
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Looking to the Sea
Columbus’s interest in seafaring may
have been shaped by the geography of
his birthplace, the Republic of Genoa.
As the city lacked fertile land and was
surrounded by powerful rival cities like
Milan and Florence, many Genoans
looked to the Mediterranean Sea to find
their fortune.
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Goa
Goa, on the southwest coast of India,
was a Portuguese colony from 1510
until 1961 when it became part of India.
Catholic and Hindu traditions blended
there. Today the people of Goa
celebrate festivals such as Carnival in
much the same way as people in Brazil,
also once a Portuguese colony.
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Seeds Across the Sea
Did you have orange juice for
breakfast? If you did, it may be
because of Columbus’s second voyage
to the Americas in 1493. The citrus
seeds that he brought to the West
Indies took root in the islands and later
were grown in Mexico and Florida.
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Reviewing Map Legends
• Legends, as explained in the map skill on
page 75 of your textbook, are used to
identify information shown on maps. 
• Legends provide the key to the meaning
of an unlimited number of symbols and
colors that can be used on maps. 
• Sometimes, however, one legend may be
used in several ways.
Continued on next slide.
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Reviewing Map Legends
• For example, on the “European Voyages
of Discovery” map on page 475 of your
textbook, five colors are used in the
legend. 
• On this particular map, these colors are
used to show two different things. 
• First, they point out the five European
countries that took part in the voyages of
discovery.
Continued on next slide.
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Reviewing Map Legends
• Second, the colors show the different routes
taken by explorers from these countries. 
• For example, Portugal is shown in yellow.

• The routes that the Portuguese explorers
took are also shown in yellow.
Continued on next slide.
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Reviewing Map Legends
Study the map on page 475 of your textbook. Then
answer the questions that follow.
Continued on next slide.
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Reviewing Map Legends
What two countries had explorers
sail around the world?
Spain and England
Continued on next slide.
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the answer.
Reviewing Map Legends
What country did not send any
explorers south of 25º N latitude?
France
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the answer.
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