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H A I T I E D U C A T I O N F U N D

Arrived in 1492 when his ship ran aground
Named the island Hispaniola
Found gold in what is now the Dominican
Republic and other Spanish settlers flocked to the island
They forced the aboriginals to mine and raise food
The aboriginals were treated so poorly that by 1530 only a few were left alive and the Spanish brought in Africans as slaves.

• Spanish settlers leave for more prosperous settlements in Mexico and Peru
• 1606- King of Spain ordered remaining settlers to move to Santa Domingo in the Dominican
Republic
• French, English and Dutch settlers took over the northern and western coasts and became buccaneers that stole Spanish silver and gold
• In 1667, Spain recognized French control over the western third of the country.

• The French named its new colony Saint-
Domingue and brought in Africans as slaves to develop coffee and spice plantations.
• By 1788, there were eight times as many slaves as colonists.

• 1771-slaves rebelled against
French masters and destroyed plantations and towns.
• Toussaint Louverture, a former slave, took control of the government and restored some order
• He wrote constitution to separate Saint-Domingue from
France

• 1799 - Napoleon came to power ; sent army to capture Toussaint and imprisoned him in France (where he later died)
• During this time many French soldiers caught yellow fever and died.
• After a long campaign African rebels defeated French and
General Jean-Jacques Dessalines
(leader of the rebels) proclaimed the colony an independent country named Haiti on January 1,
1804

• Dessalines -nation ’ s first chief of state killed in
1806; country was divided in two by other generals (Alexandre Petin and Henri Christophe)
• 1818 Jean-Pierre Boyer reunited the country and ruled until the colony revolted in 1844.
• During the next 70 years 32 different men ruled
Haiti.
• Unrest spread throughout the country.

• 1915 - President Woodrow Wilson sent marines to restore order. He feared other nations may try to take
Haiti if unrest continued.
• U.S.A. made Haiti make payments on its large debts to other countries
• U.S.A. strengthened the government, built highways, schools and hospitals.
• U.S.A. withdrew in 1934 and Haiti regained control of its affairs.
• Some foreign investment followed but the upper class mulattoes benefited most.
• Between 1946 and 1957 the army stepped in to control the country twice.

Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier
• 1957 - Francois (Papa Doc) Duvalier, a country doctor, elected as President
• 1964 - he declared himself President for Life
• 1971 - Constitution was amended to allow the president to choose his successor – his son Jean-Claude.
• Francois died in April 1971 and Jean
Claude (only 19 yoa) succeeded him, declared himself President for Life and ruled as a dictator.
• The Duvaliers controlled Haiti ’ s armed forces and had a secret police force.

• Early 1970 ’ s - many people began to leave Haiti because of poor economic conditions and severe treatment by secret police
• 1986 - Haitians staged a revolt against Jean-Claude and he fled.
• Lieutenant General Henri Namphy became the head of the government and failed at disbanding the secret police.
• 1987 - constitution adopted that allowed for elections by the people, however in 1988 Namphy overthrew the government and seized power;declared himself president of a military government.

• September 1988 - officers from the Presidential guard seized power from Namphy
• Lieutenant General Prosper Avril declared himself and ruled as a dictator. He resigned in March
1990
• December 1990 - Haitian people elected Jean-Bertrand Aristide as
President.
• September 1991 - Aristide overthrown by the military and fled

• The Organization of American
States (OAS) led a trade boycott against Haiti to force Aristide ’ s return to power.
• The UN later imposed a boycott
• Following the coup many
Haitians attempted to flee to the United States in small boats. At first the US sent the refugees back to Haiti. Later, they sent fleeing refugees to the US military base in
Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.

• July 3, 1993 - Haitian military agreed to allow Aristide to return to office and restore a democratic government by
October 30 th . However, this was not followed through.
• September 1994 - the US began sending troops to Haiti to force the military to restore democratic government
• October 1994 - Aristide returned to office

• Haiti suffered economic hardship and political instability
• Opponents claimed that elections held in 2000 were fraudulent resulting in foreign donors refusing to release aid to
Haiti
• Coup attempts and demonstrations both for and against Aristide erupted
• Political opposition groups refused to take part in or deal with a government that included
Aristide

• Violent rebellion spread across Northern Haiti where rebels (former members of Haiti military) demanded Aristide ’ s resignation
• February 29 th , 2004 - Aristide fled to Africa; soon after a US peacekeeping force arrived in
Haiti
• Chief Justice of Haiti ’ s Supreme Court,
Boniface Alexandre, became President of a transitional government
• May, 2004 - flash floods caused wide spread destruction; 1,400 people killed and 1,800 were missing (between Haiti and Dominican
Republic)
• September - Tropical Storm Jeanne; mudslides killed 3000 in Haiti

• February - Haitians voted for a president and parliament to replace the interim government that had held power since 2004
• Rene Preval declared winner after accusations of election fraud and protests in his favour
• He belongs to the L ’ Espwa (The
Hope) Party and have wide spread support amongst the poor.

• August and September - tropical storms and hurricanes kill hundreds of Haitians.
• Haiti’s agriculture suffered huge loses
• April - rioting broke out in Les Cayes and Port-au-Prince over steeply rising food prices
• More political instability followed with replacement of the Prime
Minister twice.

• The region ’ s worst earthquake in 200 years struck.

• 2004: As the country celebrates 200 years of independence, a violent uprising begins against
President Jean-Bertrand Aristide. Rebels seize cities and dozens are killed. The president is forced into exile and an interim government takes over. Peacekeepers arrive in June while gang violence plagues Port-au-Prince.

• 2006: In the first elections since the uprising,
Rene Preval wins.

•
•
• April 2008: High food prices cause riots.

•
•
• April 2008: High food prices cause riots.

•
•
• August/Sept 2008: Nearly 800 people are killed after a series of hurricanes batter the island.

•
•
• November 2008: A school collapses in Portau-Prince with 500 inside. Officials blame poor construction.

•
•
• November 2008: A school collapses in Portau-Prince with 500 inside. Officials blame poor construction.

•
•
• July 2009: The World Bank cancels $1.2 billion of Haiti’s debt, 80 per cent of the total.

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• January 2010: A 7.0 magnitude earthquake hits just 15 kilometers outside the capital.
Tens of thousands are feared dead. The destruction causes widespread looting and violence.

• AMONG POOREST IN THE WORLD
• HOPELESSLY CAUGHT IN “POVERTY TRAP”
1. POOR GOVERNANCE
2. POOR ECONOMY
3. GROWING POPULATION
4. LIMITED NATURAL RESOURCES
5. HIGH ILLITERACY, INFANT MORTALITY

COLLAPSED BUILDINGS
TOPPLED HYDRO POLES, TREES
BROKEN PIPES/CONDUITS,
BROKEN LIMBS, FRACTURED
FAMILIES, UNEMPLOYABILITY, SEVERE
INJURIES, DEATH

devestation

survival

death

anguish

sanitation hazard

hope

infrastructure collapse

accessibility

basic need

despair

faith

assistance

aid

miracles

lack of stability

• Humanitarian aid is material or logistical assistance provided for in response to humanitarian crises .
• The primary objective of humanitarian aid is to save lives,
• alleviate suffering
• maintain human dignity http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid

HUMANITARIAN AID VS. DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE
• The primary objective of humanitarian aid is:
• save lives,
• alleviate suffering
• maintain human dignity
• Donations, NGO’s
• The United Nations Office for the
Coordination of Humanitarian
Affairs (OCHA) coordinates international humanitarian response to a crisis or emergency pursuant to Resolution 46/182 of the United Nations General
Asembly .
• Seeks to address the underlying socioeconomic factors which may have led to a crisis or emergency
• political instability, poverty, social unrest, HIV/AIDS,civil war, dictatorship,
• Paid, loaned by governments
Canadian International
Development Agency (CIDA)
• Empowers women
• Education
• Health care
• Governance
• Economy
•
• Environmental protection http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanitarian_aid

• UPHOLDING HUMAN
RIGHTS/CHILD RIGHTS
• LOOTING VS. SURVIVAL
• HOMELESSNESS
• FRACTURED FAMILIES
• LOSS OF EMPLOYMENT
• LOSS OF LOCAL BUSINESSES
• LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL LAND
• ORPHANS (OLD AND NEW)
• POLLUTION (SANITATION,
DEAD BODIES, WATER)
• JUSTICE
• HUMAN TRAFFICKING
• CORRUPTION
• ACCESS TO RELIEF AID
(MEDICINES, FOOD, WATER)
• AID DISTRIBUTION
• ENERGY/FUEL SOURCES
• ACCESS TO PUBLIC SERVICES
• LACKOF INFRASTRUCTURE
• GOVERNMENT
• STRUCTURE TO IMPLEMENT
DONATIONS
• IMMEDIATE ECONOMIC
DEVELOPMENT (TOURISM)

RELIEF AID MUST BE SUSTAINABLE …

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