Unity and Diversity
of Living Things
Survey of Taxonomy and the Three
Domains of Life
SYSTEMATICS
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Systematics - science of naming and
grouping organisms by their evolutionary
relationships
Binomial nomenclature - assigning
scientific names
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Each species is assigned a two-part
scientific name, usually in Latin, written in
italics or underlined (if handwritten)
First word (genus name) is capitalized, the
second word (species name) is not
Ex: polar bear = Urus maritimus
Ex: red maple = Acer rubrum
Ex: human = Homo sapiens
Fun Species Names
Aha ha
Fun Species Names
Abra cadabra
Fun Species Names
Gelae baen, Gelae belae,
Gelae donut, Gelae fish
Fun Species Names
Heerz lukenatcha
Fun Species Names
Pieza kake fly
Fun Species Names
(Agathidium bushi, A. cheneyi, A. rumsfeldi)
Fun Species Names
Agra vation
Fun Species Names
Caloplaca obamae
Fun Species Names
Agathidium vaderi
Fun Species Names
Aptostichus stephencolberti
Fun Species Names
Agra katewinsletae
Fun Species Names
Sylvilagus palustris hefneri
Fun Species Names
Pheidole harrisonfordi
Fun Species Names
GoldenPalace.com monkey
(Callicebus aureipalatii)
LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
Domain (most inclusive)
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species (least inclusive)
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LEVELS OF CLASSIFICATION
Keep
 Pots
 Clean
 Or
 Family
 Gets
 Sick
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Classification of Humans
Classification Rap
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jA
GOibTMuU
DOMAINS OF LIFE
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3 Domains of Life
Archaea (prokaryotic)
 Bacteria (prokaryotic)
 Eukarya (eukaryotic)
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PHYLOGENETIC TREE
DOMAIN BACTERIA
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell walls contain peptidoglycan
Ecologically diverse ranging from free-living
soil organisms to deadly parasites
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic),
some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
Only one kingdom within this domain:
Kingdom Eubacteria
DOMAIN ARCHAEA
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Prokaryotic
Unicellular
Cell walls do NOT contain peptidoglycan
Live in very harsh environments
Some autotrophic, some heterotrophic
Some need oxygen to survive (aerobic),
some are killed by oxygen (anaerobic)
Only one kingdom within this domain:
Kingdom Archaebacteria
IMPORTANCE OF
PROKARYOTES
1) Ecological Importance: Essential in
maintaining every aspect of the ecological
balance of the living world
 Decomposers – recycling raw materials to
the environment, essential to sewage
treatment & production of purified water
 Producers – cyanobacteria are among the
most plentiful photosynthetic organisms in
the world & many food chains are dependent
upon them
 Nitrogen Fixers – converting nitrogen gas into
useable forms
IMPORTANCE OF
PROKARYOTES
2) Human Uses
 Food – yogurt, other dairy products
 Medicine – making drugs for medical
treatments
IMPORTANCE OF
PROKARYOTES
3) Disease – some bacteria can cause
disease by destroying living cells or by
releasing chemicals that upset
homeostasis
 Ex: Lyme disease, Tetanus,
Tuberculosis, Strep Throat
 Controlled by sterilization, disinfectants
 Prevented by vaccines
DOMAIN EUKARYA
All eukaryotes contain a nucleus & other
membrane-bound organelles
 Four kingdoms:
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Protista
 Fungi
 Plantae
 Animalia
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EUKARYA - PROTISTS
Unicellular, colonial, or
multicellular
 Photosynthetic or
heterotrophic
 “Catch-all” kingdom – group
of eukaryotes that did not fit
into plants, animal, or
fungus kingdom
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ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
OF PROTISTS
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Autotrophic Protists – photosynthetic protists
at the base of the food chain makes much of
the diversity of aquatic life possible
 Ex: Algae
Heterotrophic Protists – some heterotrophic
protists engulf and digest their food, while
others live by absorbing molecules from the
environment.
 Ex: Paramecium, amoeba
Symbiotic Protists
 Mutualistic – algae help health of coral
reefs, Trichonympha live in guts of termites,
helping them to digest cellulose
 Parasitic – can cause intestinal disease,
African Sleeping Sickness, & Malaria
EUKARYA - FUNGI
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Heterotrophic – feed on dead
or decaying organic matter
Secrete digestive enzymes
into their food source, then
absorb nutrients though their
cell walls
Cell walls made of chitin
Unicellular (yeasts) or
multicellular (mushrooms)
ECOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
Decomposers – many species of
fungi help ecosystems maintain
homeostasis by breaking down
dead organisms and recycling
essential elements and nutrients
 Parasites – parasitic fungi can
cause serious diseases in plants
and animals
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Ex: smuts and rusts in plants
 Athlete’s foot & ringworm
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ECOLOGICAL
IMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
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Symbiotic Fungi:
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Lichens – mutualistic association
between a fungus and a photosynthetic
partner (algae or cyanobacteria)
• Are often the first organisms to enter barren
environments and help in early stages of soil
formation
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Michorrhizae – mutualistic association
between a fungus and a plant root
• Estimates that 80-90% of all plant species
have this sort of relationship
• Fungus collects water and minerals, bringing
them to the root, plant supplies the fungi with
the products of photosynthesis (sugars)
EUKARYA - PLANTS
Multicellular
 Cell walls with cellulose
 Autotrophic
 Have chloroplasts
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EUKARYA - ANIMALS
Multicellular
 Heterotrophic
 No cell walls
 Most can move
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