Chapter 20: Biotechnology Concept 20.1: DNA cloning yields multiple copies of a gene or other DNA segment 20.2 A preview of gene cloning and some uses of cloned genes 20.3 Using a restriction enzyme and DNA ligase to make recombinant DNA 20.4 Cloning a human gene in a bacterial plasmid: Research Method Box 20.6 Making complementary DNA (cDNA) for a eukaryotic gene 20.7 Detecting a specific DNA sequence by hybridization with a nucleic acid probe: Research Method 20.8 The polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Research Method Concept 20.2: DNA technology allows us to study the sequence, expression, and function of a gene 20.9 Gel electrophoresis: Research Method 20.10 Using restriction fragment patterns to distinguish DNA from different alleles 20.12 Dideoxy Chain Termination method for sequencing DNA (Sanger Method): Research Method 20.15 DNA microarray assay of gene expression levels: Research Method Concept 20.3: Cloning organisms may lead to production of stem cells for research and other applications 20.21 Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) as genetic markers for disease-causing alleles