Final Review Semester 1
Age of the Christian
Roman Empire III
Augustine, East V. West, and the
war of Theological Supremacy
Eusebius of Cæsarea c. 260-340
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The Father of Church History
Extreme Moderate
A Historian but not a theologian
Proposed compromise in Council of Nicæa
Friend of Constantine
Bishop of Cæsarea
Aurelius Augustinus
St. Augustine 354-430
• Born to a Pagan father and a Christian
Mother
• Became a Manichee for ~10 years
• Saved Later in life
• Preeminent Scholar and Theologian
• Post conversion gave up career as
Rhetorician/government official
St. Augustine 354-430
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An Active Apologist
Lived simply with monastic tendencies
Appointed as Bishop of Hippo
Wrote many works
– Confessions, City of God, Retractions, The
Letters, Questions and Responses, Many
various Religious-Apologetic-Polemic works
• Died 430 AD during the Vandal Siege of Hippo
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Leo The Great
• Powerful Theologian
• Firmly believed he was the successor of
Peter, and Peter was the ruler of the
Church
• Peter died in Rome therefore his spiritual
power remained with Rome
• Emphatically spoke of his authority
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Not with the Pope = not part of the church =
not part of Christianity = not saved
• All powerful Pope was not immediately or
universally accepted
• Obtained an edict from Western emperor
Valentinian III, saying papal decrees have
the force of Law, and all bishops should obey
them
• Left 96 Sermons and 173 Epistles, the first
works left to us by a Roman Bishop
Pope Leo I 440-461
• Saved Rome from being destroyed twice
• 452 AD from Attila the Hun
• 455 AD Vandal King Genseric pillaged for
14 days
St. Antony 250-357
• Became a monk at age 20
• Was inspired by the words of Mt. 19:2122
• Sold his goods, gave much away, took
care of his sister and ran away to a tomb
• Tomb got crowded so he started a
monastery in the mountains
St. Antony 250-357
• Fought with the Devil in many times
and ways
• Desired to be a martyr
• Performed many miracles
• Uneducated, but wise
• Debated with Pagans
St. Benedict
• Father of modern monasticism
• Monk at age 15
• “Knowledgeably ignorant and wisely
unlearned”
• Performed many miracles
• Formed many small monasteries with 12 monks
and one abbot
• Lived out of the world to save the world
• Wrote out the Regula Benedicti “Rule of
Benedict”
Rule of Benedict
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Democratic government, Abbot-provost-deans
1 year trial for initiates
“Ora et Labora” Prayer & Manual Labor
Threefold vow
– Stabilitas – adherence to the monastic order
– Conversio Morum – poverty, chastity, piety
– Obedientia coram Deo et sanctis ejus – Absolute
obedience to the Abbot – the cardinal virtue of the
monk.
• Preserved many classics through libraries
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Born into a wealthy family
• Well educated
• Gave up prefecture of Rome, sold his belongings
and built a St. Andrews monastery where he
became a Benedictine monk
• Later became ambassador to Constantinople,
then Abbot of St. Andrews
• He is reluctantly appointed Bishop of Rome, and
initiates a march against the Plague which ends
miraculously.
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Becomes pope in 590
• Takes over in Rome due to absent
emperor even in military affairs
• Defended the city from a Lombard
invasion.
• Humbly enforces the Roman supremacy
over all other churches.
Gregory The Great 540-604
• Doctor Ecclesia – Wrote Liber
pastoralis curae “book on the office of
Bishop” also wrote Dialogues
• Maybe initiated Gregorian Chant
• Sent a team of 30 monk missionaries to
the Anglo-Saxons ultimately resulting
in their conversion
The Middle Ages II
590-1517
Charlemagne and the rise of Islam
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Charles + Magnus = charlesmagnus =>
Charlemagne
• Karl der Große –german
• Karel de Grote – dutch
• Carolus Magnus - latin
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Great Christian king of the Franks
• Conquered much of the western
world, especially to protect the
bishop of Rome
• The “Moses of the middle ages”
• Powerful warrior – 53 military
campaigns
• Expanded his empire by 2x
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Strong and well built man
• He loved baths
• Great statesman- gave audiences while getting
dressed
• Intelligent and religious
• Very charitable, gave alms, built bridges, and
churches
• Recorded laws and German tradition
• Started schools – yay public education
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Interesting marriage life
• 5 wives in short order then settled down
with 4-5 concubines
• Beheaded 4500 prisoners in one day, then
split up their families across the empire.
• Rumored to have “loved” his daughters a
bit tooo much.
Charlemagne the Great 747-814
• Rode into Rome to rescue Pope Leo III
from an uprising
• He was “surprised” by being crowned the
Holy Roman Emperor in 800AD
• This begins the Holy Roman Empire the
combination between a German king and
an Italian Pope.
Mohammed 570-632
• Born 570 AD in Mecca with miraculous
signs accompanying
• Epileptic
• Goat herder and caravan attendant
• At 25 married a 40 yr. old rich widow
Kadija
• Remained Married for 25 years until
Kadija’s death, he then married at least 11
other women
Mohammed 570-632
• Spent his time in meditation
• At 40 he had a vision of Gabriel telling
him to read
• Doubted his calling as a prophet, initially
ascribing it to demons, but was reassured
by his wife Kadija.
Mohammed 570-632
• 622 the Hegira(Mohammed’s flight from Mecca
to Medina) takes place
• Not having income, the Muslims become warrior
bandits.
• 624 major victory in the Battle of Uhud
• Massacred ~700 Jews and sold their families into
slavery
• 627-630 consolidation of power and the conquest
of Mecca
Mohammed 570-632
• After conquering Mecca he emptied and
rededicated the Ka’aba
• He consolidated rule of Arabia, then sent
out missionaries to convert the world.
• He died in the arms of Aishah June 8, 632
Mohammed 570-632
• Generally patient and kind
• When provoked entirely pitiless
• After Kadija he became a severe polygamist
– His favorite wife Aishah, he betrothed when she
was 6 and consummated when she was 9(he was
53)
– 8th wife Zaynab was his cousin and daughter in
law
• He gave women some rights, though by no means
equality with man
Islam
Five or Six Pillars of Islam
1. “There is no god but Allah, and Mohammed
is his prophet”
2. Praying 5 times a day towards Mecca
3. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once
4. Giving alms for pious and charitable
Purposes
5. Fasting from Sunrise to Sunset during
Ramadan
6. (optional) Jihad
Reasons for the Spread of Islam
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Fanaticism
Monotheistic
Corruption of the Byzantine Empire
Replacement of government only
Anti-icon
Better Generals
The Middle Ages III
590-1517
Papal Power and the Crusades
Hildebrand a.k.a Gregory VII
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Obscure background
Short in stature, strong in presence
Friend of Pope Gregory VI
Lord of the Popes 1049-1054 – Leo IX, Victor
II, Stephen IX, Nicolas II, Alexander II
• Became pope Gregory VII 1073-1085
• Warred against Nicolaitism, Simony, and
Investiture.
• Emphasized the absolute authority of the
Pope
Papal Powers
1. Excommunication – the cutting off
of one person from communion and
the church =loss of salvation, no
hope for heaven unless forgiven by
Pope
2. Interdiction – A locational and/or
personal excommunication.
3. World Authority – the power to
depose and crown kings at the will
of the Pope
Church vs. State
Gregory VII v. Henry IV
• Henry denounces Gregory
• Gregory Excommunicates Henry
• Henry grovels at Canossa and regains the
Papal blessing
• 2 years go by
• Henry replaces Gregory with a new Pope
• Gregory excommunicates/Interdicts Henry
• They war
• They die
The Crusades
• Primarily a French institution
• Armed Journeys to recapture the Holy
Land
• Carrying the cross
• Christian Pilgrimage
• Defeat of Islam
• Monetary and spiritual gain
• 7 great crusades 1095-1270
• Unite the Eastern and Western churches
The First Crusade 1095-1099
• Initiated by Pope Urban II in response to a call
for help from Constantinople
• Inspired by Peter the Hermit
• The people looted and pillaged along the way
• ~300,000 irregulars slaughtered before they
reached their goal.
• Occurred in swarms of mixed people, not just
soldiers.
The First Crusade 1095-1099
• Major slaughter at Nicea, later it was
captured
• Antioch gained, almost lost, but saved by
finding the spear that pierced Christ’s side.
• Jerusalem after a long siege was captured, a
great slaughter of Infidels, Jews, and
heretics ensued.
• Set up a kingdom that lasted until 1187
The Children’s Crusade
• Inspired in 1212 by a French shepherd boy
Stephen.
• Marched to Marseilles, grew in numbers up to
30,000,
• Expected the sea to open for them to march
across
• Hugo Ferrus and William Porcus offered to
transport them
• Ferrus and Porcus sailed to Africa and sold the
children into slavery
Failures of the Crusades
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The holy land was not won
Islam was not permanantly stopped
The East/West Schism was not healed
Lots and lots of people were killed
War atrocities
Indulgences
Benefits of the Crusades
1. Spirtual awakening in many
2. Class interaction
3. Knowledge expanded, geography,
customs etc.
4. Major increase in trade
The Middle Ages IV
590-1517
Late Middle Ages
Assisi, Captivity, Schism
and Inquisition
Frater Parvulus “little brother”
Il poverello “little poor man”
John Giovanni
Francesco Bernardone
A.K.A
St. Francis of Assisi
St. Francis of Assisi
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From a fairly well off family
Served as a soldier
Convicted by a leper and kissed his hand
Gave away all he had (his fathers goods
included)
• Kicked out of his family
• Ran away to serve the poor especially the
lepers
St. Francis of Assisi
• Given the chapel of Portiuncula “Little
Portion”
• Heard the call to preach and did so
• Lived by Matthew 16:24-26, 19:21, and
Luke 9:1-6
• He was simple and loved animals
• Self proclaimed idiota “illiterate” and was
therefore anti-education as it inspired pride
• Was married to poverty
St. Francis of Assisi
• He attracted followers called the fratres
minores “the lesser brethren”
• Worked to earn food/lodging whenever
possible, when not they stayed where they
could.
• Extreme emphasis on living out the gospel
• Obtained papal sanction by rolling in pig mud
• Companion nunnery founded by Clara of Sciffi
• Order taken over by papacy and Francis’
ideology ultimately was set aside
The Inquisition
• Ecclesia non sitit sanguinem “The Church
abhors blood”
• Priests were not to order/attend executions
• Pinnacle of mixing church and state
• Heretics are little foxes
• Dominican monks were the primary force
behind the Inquisition, though Fransiscans
were involved as well
The Inquisition
• 1252 Innocent IV authorizes torture as means
of obtaining confession
• Inquisitors dissociated from pastoral care of
souls instead focusing purely on heretics
• They were given power to excommunicate, lay
interdict, and absolve acts of violence
• Punishments were seizure of property, life
imprisonment, and death
• Spies were paid out of seized goods
• Some places resisted, especially Germany
The Inquisition
• German Inquisition: Konrad of Marburg “the
Lords watch-dog”
• Confessor of Queen/St. Elizabeth
• Deprived her of maidservants and separated
her from her three children
• Assigned her beatings for any wrongdoing
ultimately resulting in her death
• Konrad freely burned “Luciferans”
• He was murdered in 1233, buried next to
Elizabeth as a “herald of the Christian faith.”
The Papal Schism
• Gregory XI declares any election of pope valid
after his death, to forestall anti-popes
• After a mucky succession Urban VI became
pope in 1378
• He was a terrible politician and insulted the
Cardinals
• In response the Cardinals return to France and
elect Clement VII as pope
• This starts a war Clement VII is held out of
Rome so returns to Avignon and Europe is split
The Papal Schism
Roman Line
Urban VI 1378-1389
Boniface IX 1389-1404
Innocent VII 1404-1406
Gregory XII 1406-1415
Avignon Line
Clement VII 1378-1394
Benedict XII 1394-1409
Pisan Line
Alexander V 1409-1410
John XXIII 1410-1415
Martin V 1417-1431
The Papal Schism
• Urban remains implacable, cold, hard, and
anti-simonist. He has captive cardinals slain
• Clement VII was political and flexible. He
submitted to the French king and attempted
reconciliation by appointing Urban lead
Cardinal
• Boniface IX young only 35 and charismatic but
not well educated. He gained complete control
of Italy. He was very much a simonist and
nepotist
• Innocent VII took over in Rome after Boniface.
He was also only 35 years old.
The Papal Schism
• Innocent VII continued listing Avignon popes
with heretics pirates and brigands.
• He was driven from Rome as his nephew had
murdered 11 chief men of the City, he was later
recalled as they didn’t like the new ruler
• Gregory XII the last of the Roman schismatic
popes. Was chosen partially because of his age,
as older men have less ambition.
• Took a vow when coming to office to heal the
schism even if it meant abdicating
The Papal Schism
• Benedict XIII a.k.a. Peter de Luna refused to
back down or heal the Schism by mutual
abdication.
• The French king Charles VI 1380-1412 was
weak and insane which minimalized his
influence
• Multiple councils were called with and without
papal consent, including The Council of Pisa
• It started with 2 popes ended with 3 though the
new pope Alexander V died before reaching
Rome
• Rome is sacked John XXIII is instated as pope
The Papal Schism
• Rome is sacked John XXIII is removed as pope
• Emperor Sigismund calls the Council of
Constance lasting 4 years 1414-1418
• John says he will abdicate if the others do, and it
is agreed, John then flees and tries to regain
support in France
• Popes are declared fallible and subject to
Councils
• John is put on trial, Gregory resigns, Benedict is
deposed, though not gracefully
• Nov. 11 1417 Martin V is elected ending the
Schism
Age of the Reformation I
The Pre-Reformation
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
Errr…John
Wyclife
Wyclif, Wyclyf, Wyclyffe
Wiclif, Wiclef, Wicliff,
Wycleff, Whyteclyve, Wyclyve
+ about 10 more versions
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
• Morning Star of the Reformation
• Well educated, spent most of life at Oxford and
was master of Canterbury Hall
• 1366 with the kings blessing he began rebuking
Papal authority
• 1377 Comes before the Tribunal of William
Courtenay and leaves under the protection of
the Duke of Lancaster
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
• Pope Gregory XI orders Wycliffe to prison, but
dies the year after, and the Papal Schism starts
• 1380 Wycliffe founds the “pore priests” oxford
graduates who go out preaching many without
ordination
• 1382 Courtenay becomes Archibishop of
Canterbury and holds the Earthquake Synod
• 24 articles of Wycliffe’s were condemned
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
• Wycliffe loses King Richard II’s favor, is
kicked out of Oxford and all his books are
burned
• Wrote the Trialogus
• Denounced Indulgences as “an abomination of
desolation in the holy place”
• Was summoned to Rome, but refused saying he
submits only to Christ’s authority
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
• Finishes with help his English paraphrase of
the bible based upon the vulgate
• 1382 suffers a stroke resulting in minor
paralysis
• 1384 has another stroke and dies in church
• 1413 Lateran decrees his books should be
burned
• 1429 Council of Constance orders him
Exhumed and burned, scattering his ashes
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
5 main themes in his teachings
1. The Nature of the Church
2. The Fallacy of the Papacy
3. The Priesthood
4. The Falsity of Transubstantiation
5. The use of Scripture
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
The Nature of the Church
• A universal Church comprised of the Elect
• All those who believe in Christ belong,
regardless of their position with the RCC
• The Peoples’ head is Christ
• The concept of church vs. Church
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
The Fallacy of the Papacy
• totum papale officium venenosum
• “The Papal office is wholly poisonous”
• The Rock is Peter and all people
• Mocked the “most holie fadir”
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
The Priesthood
• Priests Absolution was only meritorious if they
themselves were absolved
• Celibacy is good but sinful if mandatory
• No such thing as utilitarian sin
• Anti-friar
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
Falsity of Transubstantiation
• Communion was meant figuratively
• No transubstantiation without
transaccidentiation
• “Super omnia vincit veritas rationis”
• The truth of reason will triumph over all
John Wycliffe 1324-1384
The use of Scripture
• Council of Toulouse 1229 forbid the bible to
Laymen
• Is the absolute authority
• It has one Literal meaning
• Must be accessable to ALL
John Huss 1369-1416
• He was Excommunicated, Interdicted, and
Exiled
• Wrote De Ecclesia – mostly copied Wycliffe
• Declared the Pope is not to be obeyed if he is a
sinner
• Oct 11, 1414 Huss is promised safe conduct by
Emperor Sigismund to the Council of Constance
• Huss is falsely charged with escaping and
imprisioned next to the latrines, becoming sick
John Huss 1369-1416
• He is transferred to the control of Sigismund
and imprisoned along with ex-pope John XXIII
• The council declared the cup forbidden to laity,
Huss disagreed
• Is given a public kangaroo trial and condemned
• His books are forbidden and burned
John Huss 1369-1416
• He is declared Heresiarch and his soul is
condemned to hell by the council
• He declares “and I commit myself to the most
gracious Lord Jesus”
• He was turned over to Sigismund in order that
he be executed
• May 30, 1416 is burned at the stake, all the
while singing loud praise to God
Fullness of time for the
Reformation
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Renaissance
Rise of Intellectualism
Printing Press
Immoral Papacy
Nationalism
Ages
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3BC
Jesus and the Apostles
70 AD catholic Christianity
312 AD Christian Roman Empire
590 AD Middle Ages
1517 AD Reformation
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Jesus Born
Temple Destroyed
Milvian Bridge
Gregory I is Pope
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