I. Course Number: EDUC 7797/01 Course Title: Capstone Experience and Portfolio College: Bagwell College of Education Semester: Spring 2009 Room: KH 1106 II. Professor: III. IV. Class Meetings: Required Text: American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (5th edition). Washington, DC: Author. V. Catalog Course Description: EDUC 7797. The Portfolio. 3-0-3 This is the capstone experience for the Master of Education in Adolescent Education. Candidates work independently under the supervision of the portfolio committee. The portfolio requirements resemble, in part, those required by the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS). The purpose of the portfolio is to implement a systematic, reflection-in-action approach to problem solving and decision-making. This process is designed to document the candidate’s development of expertise as a teacher-leader. A primary goal of the portfolio is to document the candidate’s impact on student achievement. The portfolio provides a detailed authentic picture of the candidate’s professional practice and reflective analysis of the integration of courses taken supported by theory. Changes in classroom practices as well as ones’ self are documented. VI. Professional Portfolio Narrative: A required element in each portfolio for the Graduate Program is the portfolio narrative. The purpose of the portfolio narrative is to ensure that every candidate reflects on each of the proficiencies on the CPI with regard to what evidence the candidate has selected for his/her portfolio. In your portfolio, you need to include a narrative, which includes descriptive, analytic and reflective writing in which you reflect on each proficiency and how you make the case that the evidence you have selected in your portfolio supports a particular proficiency, using the Portfolio Narrative Rubric as a guide. The narrative should be comprehensive, documenting research-based best practices. VII. Purpose and Rationale: KENNESAW STATE UNIVERSITY’S CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK: Collaborative development of expertise in teaching and learning The Professional Teacher Education Unit (PTEU) at Kennesaw State University is committed to developing expertise among candidates in initial and advanced programs as teachers and leaders who possess the capability, intent and expertise to facilitate high levels of learning in all of their students through effective, research-based practices in classroom instruction, and who enhance the structures that support all learning. To that end, the PTEU fosters the development of candidates as they progress through stages of growth from novice to proficient to expert and leader. Within the PTEU conceptual framework, expertise is viewed as a process of continued EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 1 development, not an end-state. To be effective, teachers and educational leaders must embrace the notion that teaching and learning are entwined and that only through the implementation of validated practices can all students construct meaning and reach high levels of learning. In that way, candidates are facilitators of the teaching and learning process. Finally, the PTEU recognizes, values and demonstrates collaborative practices across the college and university and extends collaboration to the community-at-large. Through this collaboration with professionals in the university, the public and private schools, parents and other professional partners, the PTEU meets the ultimate goal of assisting Georgia schools in bringing all students to high levels of learning. Knowledge Base: Teacher development is generally recognized as a continuum that includes four phases: preservice, induction, in-service, renewal (Odell, Huling, & Sweeny, 2000). Just as Sternberg (1996) believes that the concept of expertise is central to analyzing the teaching-learning process, the teacher education faculty at KSU believe that the concept of expertise is central to preparing effective classroom teachers and teacher leaders. Researchers describe how during the continuum phases teachers progress from being Novices learning to survive in classrooms toward becoming Experts who have achieved elegance in their teaching. We, like Sternberg (1998), believe that expertise is not an end-state but a process of continued development. Use of Technology: Technology Standards for Educators are required by the Professional Standards Commission. Telecommunication and information technologies will be integrated throughout the master teacher preparation program, and all candidates must be able to use technology to improve student learning and meet Georgia Technology Standards for Educators. During the courses, candidates will be provided with opportunities to explore and use instructional media. They will master use of productivity tools, such as multimedia facilities, local-net and Internet, and feel confident to design multimedia instructional materials, and create WWW resources. Field Based Activities While completing your graduate program at Kennesaw State University, you are required to be involved in a variety of leadership and school-based activities directed at the improvement of teaching and learning. Appropriate activities may include, but are not limited to, attending and presenting at professional conferences, actively serving on or chairing school-based committees, attending PTA/school board meetings, leading or presenting professional development activities at the school or district level, and participating in education-related community events. As you continue your educational experiences, you are encouraged to explore every opportunity to learn by doing. EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 2 VIII: Goals and Objectives: As a result of satisfactory fulfillment of the requirements of this course, the candidate will accomplish the objectives listed in the table below. Course objective Provides portfolio evidence and a narrative that links candidate’s teaching practice to national, state, and institutional standards. Writes descriptively, analytically, and reflectively KSU M.Ed. Candidate Performance Instrument Link Proficiency 3.2 Proficiency 2.6 Proficiency 3.2 Demonstrates systematic expertise as a teacher-leader. Proficiency 3.4 Presents through a formal conference the results of systematic expertise as a teacherleader Proficiency 3.4 Proficiency 3.1 Proficiency 2.6 Presents professional experience to colleagues and peers. Proficiency 1.1 Proficiency 3.1 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve NBPTS Proposition Link PSC/NCATE Link Core proposition 4(Thinks systematically about practice and learns from experience) Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. Core propositions 4 (Thinks systematically about practice and learns from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinks systematically about practice and learns from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) and 2 (know subjects they teach and how to teach them) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. Dispositions Dispositions Dispositions Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. Dispositions Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. Dispositions Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. 3 Works collaboratively and provides feedback to peers. ALL Completes all required elements of the M.Ed. in Adolescent Education portfolio. Proficiency 1,2,3 Follows institutional policies and professional guidelines of academic honesty. Proficiency 3.5 Exhibits professional behavior in interactions with professors and colleagues. Proficiency 3.5 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Core propositions 4 (Thinking systematically about practice and learning from experience) and 5 (members of learning communities) Dispositions Dispositions Professional and pedagogical knowledge and skills. Dispositions Dispositions 4 IX. Requirements/Assignments Each assignment must receive a L3 or L4 rating for satisfactory completion of the course. All assignments must be presented through Chalk and Wire for assessment. These include a portfolio of evidence with reflective narratives and a research presentation. 1. Assemble Online Chalk and Wire Portfolio of Evidence which 1. Addresses all proficiencies 2. Corresponds to Candidate Performance Standards 3. Includes a description, analysis and reflection of each piece of evidence in the Capstone Portfolio 4. Demonstrates multiple examples of application of learning to teaching practices 5. Shows assessment of impact on student learning and adjustments in practice 6. Includes positive opinions and interactions with students, parents, and others A required element in each capstone portfolio for the Graduate Program is describing, analyzing and reflecting on each piece of evidence for each of the proficiencies. Using Chalk and Wire technology. See WebCT for an electronic copy of the template for writing each upload narrative (See template below). Context: Describe the Artifact “This artifact was developed to”…describe with one or two sentences the condition under which the artifact was created (Assignment? Related to licensure? Job related?) Describe what happened? When? Where? How was it done? Why was it done? Your Role: What was your role in the event(s) described? Part of a team? Alone? Author? Editor? Researcher? Instructor? Reflection Part A: Analyze how the artifact relates to the proficiency How does this artifact clearly illustrate you have the capacity to perform the standard you are relating to? What worked? What needs tweaking? What needs deleting? Why? Example wording: “I have included NAME OF ARTIFACT with this proficiency because… PROVIDE RATIONALE IN TWO OR FOUR SENTENCES. This artifact demonstrates my ability/position/emerging skill/competence with regard to NAME OF PROFICIENCY in that PROVIDE AN EXPLANATION OF HOW THE EXPERIENCE YOU HAD CLEARLY SHOWS YOUR CONFIDENCE/SKILL/CAPACTIY RELATIVE TO THE PROFICIENCY.” Part A: I have included NAME OF ARTIFACT with this proficiency because… ? Editor? Researcher? Instructor? Reflection Part B: Reflect on the artifact/experience and what you will do to grow/improve as a professional What next? Upon reflection, what has this experience suggested as ‘next moves’ for you as a developing professional? Example wording: “Given this experience, I am determined/intend/will/plan to…WHAT WILL YOU CHANGE/IMPROVE/ LEAVE AS IS? IF APPROPRIATE, DESCRIBE SPECIFIC ACTIONS YOU WILL TAKE TO FURTHER DEVELOP YOUR PROFESSIONAL SKILLS IN THIS AREA.” Part B: Given this experience, I… EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 5 CAPSTONE PORTFOLIO CHECKLISTTHE RUBRIC: MASTERS PORTFOLIO NARRATIVE RATING SCALE L1 – Little or No Evidence - Little or no evidence exists that proficiencies are addressed through reflective analysis. Writing may be only descriptive in nature and lack analysis or critical reflection. Evidence presented may be vague, brief, or not linked to proficiencies. Reference to the proficiencies may be missing altogether. Through writing, candidate fails to make connections between evidence presented and demonstration of expertise in the outcome. Candidate is unable to assess impact on student learning. There is little to no evidence that the candidate has been able to extend and apply knowledge and skills to daily practice. Finally, the candidate’s reflective analysis may express negative opinions about students, parents, or other professionals or blame students and parents for the student’s inability to learn. L2 – Limited Evidence - Limited evidence exists that proficiencies are addressed through reflective analysis. Writing is mostly descriptive with limited elements of analysis or critical reflection. Evidence presented may address some of the proficiencies while others are not addressed at all or are hard to identify. Through writing, candidate makes limited connections between evidence presented and demonstration of expertise in the outcome. Candidate has difficulty assessing impact on student learning or adjusting practice accordingly. Opinions toward students, parents, or other professionals are difficult to identify. L3 – Clear Evidence - Clear evidence exists that proficiencies are addressed through reflective analysis. Writing is descriptive, analytical, and reflective. Evidence presented clearly addresses all of the proficiencies with some being richer in detail than others. Through writing, candidate makes clear connections between evidence presented and demonstration of expertise in the outcome. Candidate assesses impact on student learning and adjusts practice accordingly. There is clear evidence that the candidate has been able to extend and apply knowledge and skills to daily practice. Positive opinions and behaviors about students, parents, or other professionals are evident. L4 – Clear, Consistent, and Convincing Evidence - Clear, consistent, and convincing evidence exists that proficiencies are addressed through reflective analysis. Writing is rich in description, analysis, and reflection. Evidence presented addresses all proficiencies with evidence of multiple examples of extensions and application of learning to teaching practices. Through writing, candidate makes clear, consistent, and convincing connections between evidence presented and demonstration of expertise in the outcome. Candidate consistently assesses impact on student learning and provides multiple examples of adjusting practice accordingly. Positive opinions and interactions with students, parents, and other professionals are evident. Candidate is positive about teaching every student and about each student’s ability to learn. EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 6 Subject-Matter Expert Candidates know the subjects they teach and how to teach those subjects to students. Each candidate: 1.1 Possesses broad, current and specialized knowledge of subject matter and demonstrates this knowledge to colleagues, parents and students. 1.2 Possesses an interdisciplinary understanding of curriculum and its applications to real life and accurately represents understanding through use of multiple explanations, technologies and/or strategies. 1.3 Possesses strong pedagogical content knowledge and uses that knowledge to create approaches to instructional challenges. 1.4 Actualizes the integration of content, pedagogy and interdisciplinary understanding through instruction that is integrated, flexible, elaborate and deep. Primary Artifact 1.1 L1 1.2 L1 1.3 L1 1.4 L1 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve Secondary Artifact Secondary Artifact 7 Facilitator of Learning: Candidates are committed to students and are responsible for managing and monitoring student learning. Candidates believe that all students can learn; as a result, each candidate: 2.1 Treats students equitably and provides equitable access to the full curriculum by respecting individual differences and adjusting (or assisting teachers in adjusting) practices accordingly. 2.2 Understands human development and learning and uses this understanding to create enriching educational experiences and/or environments for all students. 2.3 Creates safe, well-managed, supportive, inclusive and challenging learning environments. 2.4 Uses multiple methods, technologies, resources and organizational arrangements to meet goals articulated for individual students, class instruction and the overall school improvement plan. 2.5 Monitors student progress with a variety of formal and informal evaluation methods and uses results to improve student learning. 2.6 Is accountable to multiple audiences, accurately interprets student performance data and communicates results to multiple audiences in multiple formats. Primary Artifact 2.1 L1 2.2 L1 2.3 L1 2.4 L1 2.5 L1 2.6 L1 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve Secondary Artifact Secondary Artifact 8 Collaborative Professional: Candidates think systematically about practice, learn from experience, and are members of learning communities. Each candidate: 3.1 Collaborates with colleagues, parents and/or other professionals and leads appropriately to strengthen school effectiveness, to advance knowledge, and to influence policy and practice. 3.2 Reflects regularly upon daily practice, and draws upon experience and the professional literature to design and conduct research aimed at improved student achievement. 3.3 Proactively involves and leads parents and other members of the community in support of instruction and education. 3.4 Engages in on-going professional development by joining professional organizations, participating in conferences, mentoring new staff, etc. 3.5 Adheres to professional ethical standards while reporting, conducting and publishing research. Primary Artifact 3.1 L1 3.2 L1 3.3 L1 3.4 L1 3.5 L1 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 L2 L3 L4 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve Secondary Artifact Secondary Artifact 9 2. Capstone Research Presentation—Present your capstone research at the M.Ed. Adolescent Education Teacher as Leader Conference. The rubric for this activity is presented on the next page. Your 20-30 minute-presentation and other details will be discussed in class. Please plan on attending presentations all day of the day you are presenting. Also note, programs this year are going to be produced by a printer. That means the deadline for the abstract will be earlier - and announced in class and on WebCT. Abstracts (as a word document) will include your Name: Content Subject: Title: Abstract: (250 word maximum) Biography: (150 word maximum) Your presentation PowerPoint also serves as the LAST program assessment. Please place a copy of the PowerPoint in the Chalk and Wire Program Portfolio under Assessment #8. Thanks. 3. Diversity Assignment on Chalk and Wire 4. Final Graduate Diversity Survey. [To be done in class.] Go to http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=QNcJQLf4s_2fdp6rB6eaE9Tg_3d_3d to complete the survey. Just show the final page to your assigned professor when you complete the survey. EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 10 Presentation Rubric (Chalk and Wire Program Assessment #8) L2 – Emerging but Unsatisfactory 2 L3 – Satisfactory L4 – Exemplary 3 4 The candidate does not describe the purpose, importance and significance of the research The candidate does not does clearly describe how the research is related to best practices in curriculum, instruction, and assessment. The candidate vaguely describes the significance, importance and/or the potential impact of the research on the classroom, school or district curricular, instructional or assessment practices. The candidate presents TWO of the following: 1. The candidate clearly describes the purpose of the research project. 2. He/she provides documentation through prior research and/or theory that the study is linked to best practices in curriculum, instruction and assessment. 3. The candidate clearly describes the significance/importance of the research and offers a realistic view of the potential impact of the research on the classroom, school or district curricular, instructional or assessment practices. The candidate presents ALL of the following: 1. The candidate clearly describes the purpose of the research project and provides a compelling reason for the project. 2. He/she provides documentation through prior research OR theoretical frameworks that the study is linked to best practices in curriculum, instruction and assessment. 3. The candidate clearly describes the significance/importance of the research providing compelling evidence of the likely potential impact of the research on the classroom, school or district curricular, instructional or assessment practices. Score 1 2 3 4 The candidate presented no research questions. The candidate’s research questions appear to be trivial. Questions are vague and/or confusing and poorly aligned Candidate formulates significant research questions and aligned within the literature. Candidate formulated research questions that are expressed clearly and precisely. Candidate RUBRIC FOR M.ED. PRESENTATION L1- Unsatisfactory Purpose, Importance, Significance and Impact Score: 1 English II. Knowledge of English Language Arts III. Instructional Design and Decision Math: III. Knowledge of Mathematics, V. Knowledge of Teaching Practice Science: II. Understanding Science, III. Understanding Science Teaching Social Studies: III. Knowledge of Subject Matter Research Questions English II. Knowledge of English Language Arts III. Instructional Design and Decision Math: III. Knowledge of Mathematics, V. Knowledge of EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 11 Teaching Practice Science: II. Understanding with the professional literature. Science, III. Understanding Science Teaching Social Studies: III. Knowledge of Subject Matter Appropriate Methodology Data Sources & Data Collection English XV. Professional Score 1 2 3 The candidate presents an Inappropriate methodology and data collection The candidate does not adequately or accurately describe in detail the methods used in the research process Candidate uses insufficient data to answer research questions, support planning or decision-making/or data sources utilized do not provide adequate information to support planning or decision-making related to improving student learning. The candidate adequately and accurately describes in appropriate detail the methods used in the research process. Candidate uses data sources which provide appropriate information to answer research questions, support planning and decision making related to student learning Score 1 2 3 The candidate adequately and accurately describes in appropriate detail the methods used in the research process. Candidate uses data sources with appropriate and rich detail providing information to answer research questions, support planning and decision making related to student learning. Data sources are numerous including but and not limited to demographic data and data related to student learning. 4 Candidate does not present results and/or conclusion Candidate misinterprets findings or makes claims unsupported by data. Does not make link back to research questions, theoretical or research framework. Fails to identify strengths and limitation or implications or future directions for research. Candidate interprets data clearly and accurately, elaborating and exemplifying key findings. Candidate comes to logical conclusions and describes reasonable connections between research questions, school improvement and student learning. Identifies strengths Candidate interprets data clearly, precisely and accurately, elaborating and exemplifying key findings. Candidate distinguishes between consistent and inconsistent findings and comes to logical conclusions. Candidate understands assumptions and inferences Community Math: XII. Contributing to the Professional Community Science: XI. Developing Collegiality and Leadership Social Studies: XII. Professional Contributions Results and Conclusions English II. Knowledge of English Language Arts III. Instructional Design and Decision Math: III. Knowledge of Mathematics, V. Knowledge of Teaching Practice Science: II. Understanding Science, III. Understanding Science Teaching Social Studies: III. Knowledge of Subject Matter demonstrates a deep understanding of the complexity of issues by recognizing the assumptions build into the questions asked and is able to analyze those assumptions for justifiability. 4 EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 12 and limitations as well as implications for practice and creates intentional, insightful connections between research questions, and student learning. Cogently presents insights gained from the data which emerge from deep, critical analysis. Candidate accurately summarizes findings and provides informed perspectives on them. Identifies strengths and limitations as well as implications for practice & policy. Makes recommendations for future research. Communication Score 1 2 3 4 English XV. Professional Community Math: XII. Contributing to the Professional Community Science: XI. Developing Collegiality and Leadership Social Studies: XII. Professional Contributions Looks only at note cards/ slides/ feet, etc; speaks softly; often uses repetitive expressions such as “you know?” “like” “um”; only reads paper or slides; speaks in a monotone manner; needs enthusiasm for topic. Looks at audience fairly regularly; reads from paper or slides and regularly speaks from memory, rarely uses repetitive phrases such as “you know?” “like” “um”; some enthusiasm for topic Design/Artist Element English Score 1 Occasionally looks at audience; occasionally speaks clearly; regularly uses repetitive expressions such as “you know?” “like” “um”; reads mostly from paper or slides; varies speaking tone occasionally; enthusiasm for topic unclear 2 Looks regularly at the audience; speaks clearly; speaks exclusively or almost exclusively from memory; refrains from using repetitive phrases such as “you know?” “like” “um”; varies speaking tone regularly; has clear enthusiasm for topic 4 Needs design elements or design elements are unrelated to subject of presentation Presentation Design element is in preliminary form, needs substantial work Presentation Design elements are artistically competent, integrated with presentation XV. Professional Community Math: XII. Contributing to the Professional Community Science:XI. Developing Collegiality and Leadership Social Studies: XII. Professional Contributions EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 3 Presentation Design elements are artistically skillful; interesting; strongly integrated to presentation 13 X: Evaluation and Grading: XI. S – Satisfactory completion of all course requirements and assignments (L3 or L4 levels; rubrics available at end of syllabus) U – Failure to complete all course requirements. If a candidate does not make satisfactory progress, he/she will receive a “U” in the class and must re-enroll for the following semester in order to complete the portfolio, paying all related fees for 3 graduate hours of credit. I - See most recent graduate catalog for guidelines describing when a grade of “incomplete” may be assigned. Policies Diversity: A variety of materials and instructional strategies will be employed to meet the needs of the different learning styles of diverse learners in class. Candidates will gain knowledge as well as an understanding of differentiated strategies and curricula for providing effective instruction and assessment within multicultural classrooms. One element of course work is raising candidate awareness of critical multicultural issues. A second element is to cause candidates to explore how multiple attributes of multicultural populations influence decisions in employing specific methods and materials for every student. Among these attributes are age, disability, ethnicity, family structure, gender, geographic region, giftedness, language, race, religion, sexual orientation, and socioeconomic status. An emphasis on cognitive style differences provides a background for the consideration of cultural context. Kennesaw State University provides program accessibility and accommodations for persons defined as disabled under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 or the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. A number of services are available to support students with disabilities within their academic program. In order to make arrangements for special services, students must visit the Office of Disabled Student Support Services (ext. 6443) and develop an individual assistance plan. In some cases, certification of disability is required. Please be aware there are other support/mentor groups on the campus of Kennesaw State University that address each of the multicultural variables outlined above. Academic Honesty: KSU expects that graduate students will pursue their academic programs in an ethical, professional manner. Any work that students present in fulfillment of program or course requirements should represent their own efforts, achieved without giving or receiving any unauthorized assistance. Any student who is found to have violated these expectations will be subject to disciplinary action. XII. Course Outline—This outline is subject to change WITH NOTICE a. Check WebCt calendar for course outline each week b. The course outline is due to change week to week c. Some classes will be optional, depending on the needs of the class and individual needs EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 14 References/Bibliography Brause, R.S., & Mayher, J.S. (Eds.). (1991). Search and research: What the inquiring teacher needs to know. London: Falmer. Campbell, D. M., Cignetti, P. B., Melenyzer, B. J., Netttles, D. H., & Wyman. R. M. (2001). How to develop a professional portfolio: A manual for teachers (2nd ed). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. Girot E.A. (2001). Reflective skills. In Maslin-Prothero S.(2nd ed.) Baillere’s study skills for nurses 2001 – second edition. Baillere Tindall/RCN. London. Hubbard, R.S., & Power, B.M. (1993). The art of classroom inquiry: A handbook for teacherresearchers. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Kincheloe, J. (1991). Teachers as researchers: Qualitative inquiry as a path to empowerment. London: Falmer. LaBoskey, V.K. (1994). Development of reflective practice. New York: Teachers College. McIntyre, D., & Byrd, D. (Eds.). (2000). Research on effective models for teacher education. Thousand Oaks, California: Corwin. McMillan, J. H., & Wergin, J. F. (2002). Understanding and evaluating educational research (2nd ed.). Columbus, OH: Merrill. Rogers, S., & Danielson, K. (1996). Teacher portfolios. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Russell, T., & Munby, H. (Eds.). (1992). Teachers and teaching: From classroom to reflection. London: Falmer. Smyth, J., & Shacklock, G. (1998). Re-Making Teaching: Ideology, policy and practice. London: Routledge. Tabachnick, B.R., & Zeichner, K. (1991). Issues and practices in inquiry oriented-teacher education. London: Falmer. Wilson, J., & Wing. J.L. (1993). Thinking for themselves: Developing strategies for reflective learning. Armadale, Australia: Eleanor Curtai EDUC 7797 Spring 09 Terry/Reeve 15 Revision Spring 2009