Chapter Introduction
Section 1: Social Reform
Section 2: The Abolitionists
Section 3: The Women’s Movement
Visual Summary
Social Reform
Essential Question How did religion influence
the social reforms in the United States during
the early and mid-1800s?
The Abolitionists
Essential Question How did abolitionists
influence the antislavery movement?
The Women’s Movement
Essential Question What were the effects of
the women’s rights movement of the middle to
late 1800s?
How did religion influence the social
reforms in the United States during
the early and mid-1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• revival
• normal school
• utopia
• transcendentalist
• temperance
• civil disobedience
Academic Vocabulary
• lecture
• author
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Second Great Awakening
• temperance movement
What is the most important way to
help improve a society?
A. Education reform
B. Banning alcohol
0%
D
A
B
C
0%
D
C
0%
A
D. Helping the poor
and disabled
B
C. Women’s rights
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
Religion and Reform
The Second Great Awakening
influenced social and educational
reforms.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
• A wave of religious fervor known as the
Second Great Awakening swept through
the United States in the early 1800s.
• People traveled great distances to hear
preachers speak and to pray together at
religious meetings called revivals.
• This new religious spirit inspired people to
create communities called utopias.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
• The temperance movement was started by
people who wanted to ban alcohol in an
effort to improve the world.
– They promoted their ideas of temperance
through lectures, pamphlets, and rallies.
Religion and Reform (cont.)
• Reformers also wanted to improve
education.
– Horace Mann developed state-supported
normal schools.
– The education of those with disabilities
was also a consideration.
Why did most utopias fail?
A. It was too hard to
implement the
temperance movement.
B. Many teachers lacked
proper training.
0%
D
C
B
A
A. A
C. They did not take the
B.0% B 0%
0%
needs of the disabled
C. C
into consideration.
D. D
D. They were founded on impractical ideas.
Cultural Trends
A distinct type of American literature
emerged in the 1820s.
Cultural Trends (cont.)
• Transcendentalists were a group of
thinkers and writers who stressed the
relationship between humans and nature
and the importance of the individual
conscience.
Cultural Trends (cont.)
• Leading transcendentalists included:
– Ralph Waldo Emerson
– Henry David Thoreau
– Margaret Fuller
Cultural Trends (cont.)
• Civil disobedience was practiced by
transcendentalists when they considered
laws to be unjust.
• Women, such as Harriet Beecher Stowe,
rose to prominence as authors of the most
popular fiction.
Which of the following was a major subject of
transcendentalist literature?
A. Realism
B. The relationship between
humans and nature and
the importance of the
individual conscience
D
C
B
A
A. A
0%
0%
B.
B 0% 0%
C. Anti-abolitionism
C. C
D. The relationship between humans and
D. D
technology and the importance of industrialism
How did abolitionists influence the
antislavery movement?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• abolitionist
• Underground Railroad
Academic Vocabulary
• route
• medical
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• American Colonization Society
• William Lloyd Garrison
• Sarah Grimké
• Angelina Grimké
• David Walker
• Frederick Douglass
• Sojourner Truth
• Elijah Lovejoy
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: Civil disobedience is
appropriate when you feel a law is unjust.
A. Strongly agree
0%
D
0%
C
D. Strongly disagree
B
C. Somewhat disagree
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Somewhat agree
Early Efforts to End Slavery
During the early 1800s, some
Americans began to call for an end
to slavery.
Early Efforts to End Slavery (cont.)
• Abolitionists were among the growing band
of reformers who worked to abolish slavery.
• The first large-scale antislavery effort, the
American Colonization Society, attempted
to resettle African Americans back to Africa
and the Caribbean.
The Abolition Movement
Early Efforts to End Slavery (cont.)
• Many African Americans had been in the
United States for generations and did not
want to leave.
When and by whom was the American
Colonization Society formed?
A. In 1816 by abolitionists
from Massachusetts
0%
D
0%
C
D. In 1820 by former enslaved
African Americans.
A
B
C
0%
D
B
C. In 1820 by transcendentalists
A.
B.
C.
0%
D.
A
B. In 1816 by white Virginians
The Movement Changes
Beginning in the 1830s, slavery
became the most pressing issue for
reformers.
The Movement Changes (cont.)
• As reformers saw the South becoming more
dependent on slave labor, the pressure to
end slavery increased.
• William Lloyd Garrison of Massachusetts
started an antislavery newspaper called The
Liberator.
• Among the first women to speak out publicly
against slavery were sisters Sarah and
Angelina Grimké.
The Founding of Liberia
The Movement Changes (cont.)
• David Walker, Frederick Douglass, and
Sojourner Truth were among the most
prominent African Americans to speak out
against slavery.
• The Underground Railroad was a network
of escape routes and safe houses that
enabled enslaved African Americans to
escape to freedom in the North.
Although the Underground Railroad was able to
help only a small number of slaves, how did
it empower the Abolitionist movement?
A. It gave abolitionists a practical
way to help enslaved African
Americans.
0%
D
0%
C
A
D. It helped to educate slaveholders.
A
B
0%
C
D
B
A.
B.
0%
C. It helped create a better railway
C.
system in the Southern United States.
D.
B. It helped raise money to buy
freedom for slaves.
Clashes Over Abolitionism
Many Southerners and Northerners
opposed abolition.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
• Many Southerners feared that abolishing
slavery would end their way of life, and many
Northerners opposed abolition because they
feared it would pose a threat to the nation’s
social order.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
• Abolitionists often were persecuted in the
North.
– A Boston mob attacked and threatened to
hang abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison.
– Elijah Lovejoy was killed by an angry
mob who opposed his antislavery
newspaper.
Clashes Over Abolitionism (cont.)
• Southerners claimed that because they
provided food, clothing, and medical care to
their enslaved workers, slaves were treated
better than Northern factory workers.
Which of the following arguments did pro-slavery
Southerners use against abolition?
A. They claimed that slave labor was
essential to the South, allowing
Southern whites to reach a high
level of culture.
D.
Southerners’ farms.
0%
0%
D
A
B
0%
C
D
C
A
C.
A.
B.
They argued that abolitionists only
0%
wanted to free enslaved workers so
that they could work in Northern factories. C.
They stated that abolitionists wanted to steal
D.
B
B. They argued that many abolitionists
were also secretly slaveholders.
What were the effects of the women’s
rights movement of the middle to late
1800s?
Reading Guide
Content Vocabulary
• suffrage
• coeducation
Academic Vocabulary
• capable
• ministry
Reading Guide (cont.)
Key People and Events
• Lucretia Mott
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Susan B. Anthony
• Catherine Beecher
• Emma Hart Willard
• Mary Lyon
• Elizabeth Blackwell
Rate your agreement with the following
statement: Women have equal rights with
men in the United States today.
A. Strongly agree
0%
D
C
D. Strongly disagree
B
C. Somewhat disagree
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
0%
D. D
A
B. Somewhat agree
Women and Reform
Women organized to win equal
rights.
Women and Reform (cont.)
• Women abolitionists like Lucretia Mott and
Elizabeth Cady Stanton fought for women’s
rights as well as an end to slavery.
• The Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 called
for woman suffrage and an end to laws that
discriminated against women.
Women’s Rights
Women and Reform (cont.)
• As the women’s movement grew, advocates
like Susan B. Anthony fought for
coeducation in the nation’s schools and
universities.
Women’s Rights
What happened at the Seneca Falls Convention
in 1848?
A. Delegates called for an end to
child labor.
B. Delegates passed a resolution
in favor of voting rights for all
African Americans.
Equal Rights Amendment to the Constitution.
D
C
B
A
A. A
0%
0%
0%
0%
B.
B
C. Delegates demanded that
women be given the right to vote.
C. C
D. Delegates petitioned the United StatesD.to D
add an
Progress by Women
Women made progress in achieving
equality in education, marriage
laws, and professional employment.
Progress by Women (cont.)
• Many women’s rights advocates like
Catherine Beecher and Emma Hart
Willard believed that women would make
very capable teachers.
• Mount Holyoke College was founded by
Mary Lyon to give women an opportunity to
study subjects previously considered
suitable only for men.
Progress by Women (cont.)
• Marriage and family law reform enabled
women to own property after marriage and
to seek divorce in certain situations.
• Employment in professions such as
medicine and the ministry were dominated
by men.
• Elizabeth Blackwell was a pioneer for
women in the medical field.
Under the new marriage laws passed in
Indiana, when could a woman seek divorce
from her husband?
A. If he could not provide
adequately for the family
D. If he was a chronic abuser of alcohol
0%
D
0%
C
A
B
0%
C
D
B
C. If they disagreed on how
to raise their children
A
B. If he abused their children
A.
B.
0%
C.
D.
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revival
a series of meetings conducted by a
preacher to arouse religious emotions
utopia
community based on a vision of a
perfect society sought by reformers
temperance
the use of little or no alcoholic drink
normal school
a two-year school for training high
school graduates as teachers
transcendentalist
any of a group of New England
writers who stressed the relationship
between human beings and nature,
spiritual things over material things,
and the importance of the individual
conscience
civil disobedience
refusal to obey laws that are
considered unjust as a nonviolent
way to press for changes
lecture
talk or speech given to an individual
or a group for education or as a
gentle scolding
author
writer
abolitionist
a person who strongly favors doing
away with slavery
Underground Railroad
a system that helped enslaved African
Americans follow a network of escape
routes out of the South to freedom in
the North
route
line of travel
medical
health; pertaining to the practice of
medicine
suffrage
the right to vote
coeducation
the teaching of male and female
students together
capable
having the necessary abilities
ministry
the office, duties, or functions of a
minister
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