Culture &Social Diversity
Week (14)
Objectives
• At the end of this training session, the
participants:• Gain multicultural awareness at work place
• Gain knowledge about our customers and
work colleagues
• Create a happy working environment
• Achieve higher level of customer service
Multiculturalism
• Multicultural awareness becomes interesting and
challenging as the international market continues to
expend.
• A large portion of staff working in the hotels are foreignborn and come from various other countries and different
culture and customs background.
• Foreign-born staff can become additional proficiency and
versatility in serving our international guests.
Multiculturalism
• Multiculturalism is simply a term which describes the cultural
and ethnic diversity.
• It is a policy for managing the consequences of cultural
diversity in the interests of the individual and of society as a
whole.
• This multiculturalism policy impacts on hospitality industry.
• Hospitality industry provide products, services and facilities
to a wide and diverse cultural clientele.
Dealing with cultural Misunderstandings
• Misunderstanding can occur at all levels, between staff
and management, work colleagues and/or customers.
• Misunderstandings when not acknowledged, can often
cause interruption to work and create tension between
the parties involved.
• This can lead to lack of team work and low morale in the
workplace and dissatisfied customers.
continued
• By ignoring multiculturalism can cause conflict between
you and a guest and conflict between you and a work
colleague.
• But by understanding of our work colleagues and
customers, you are able to:
 communicate thoughts and ideas clearly
 communicate using appropriate words and gestures
 display empathy and sympathy and be attuned to
other’s needs and wants.
 Display understanding and act appropriately for the
situation.
Strategies for dealing with cultural misunderstanding
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Training staff in cultural awareness
Utilising staff cultural skills
Signs and pamphlets in different languages
Awareness and promotion of cultural celebrations.
Show interest in cultural events
Avoid prejudices and cultural assumptions
Develop an understanding and tolerance of cultural issues.
Learn another language suitable for your own and your
organisation’s needs.
• Focusing on the similarities between cultures not differences.
American Customers
• Americans have a high expectation that
Australians are very friendly.
• They will expect a little extra time with you
and special attention because they are
Americans.
Continued
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Food and drink orders will be very detailed.
They expect more service.
Some Australians words would be unfamiliar to them.
They are inquisitive shoppers and will ask many
questions.
• Where problems occur, merely apologise and solve it
immediately.
• They expect a glass of water as they sit down. Should
be refreshed throughout the meal.
German Customers
• They expect fast, efficient service.
• Always maintain formality with them, never use first
names, always Sir or Madam.
• Be careful when using humour, it does not translate
well and may be considered too familiar.
Continued
• Be prepared for direct and what appears to be
abrupt request.
• They are more likely to make demands than ask
questions.
• Be specific and precise, not general, with details.
• From the German perspective, good service is no
nonsense service.
Jewish Customer
• Judaism has 3 divisions – Orthodox, the most
traditional; reform – the most liberal or relaxed
practice and the Conservative – a balance of the two.
Continued
• Saturday (Sabbath) is the Jewish Holy day. Creative
activities are forbidden, this may include driving,
using electrical appliances etc. Lifts are
unacceptable, stairs must be used.
• Strong influences in diet (Kosher)
• A meal cannot contain meat products and diary
items.
• Fish must have scales and fines, therefore eels and
shellfish are not included.
Asian Customers
The following notes cover a variety of people and nationalities
in the Asian region.
• Product knowledge is essential as Asian customers
are used to purchasing high quality merchandise.
• Personal appearance should be faultless since this
indicates a service person has respect for the
customer.
• Do not patronise if they are attempting to speak
English.
Continued
• In some part of Asia, eye contact is not desirable.
• Asian customers are not used to personalised
service, so they are comfortable with interrupting
service staff when they dealing with someone else.
• Different Asian countries have different religions,
recognise this when serving food or alcohol.
Indonesian Customer
• Men & women shake hands and bow their head
slightly when introduced.
• Touching in public is only acceptable if the man and
women are married. Touching the head of another
person is disrespectful.
• The left hand is not used to touch others, eat food or
give/receive objects
Continued
• Standing with hands on hips or in pockets is
interpreted as arrogant.
• Crossing legs and yawning is inappropriate.
• Time is not regarded as important.
• Friday afternoons is for worship.
• Working and attending schools on Saturday
mornings is usual
Japanese Customers
• If you cannot pronounce the name, use Sir or Madam.
If you can, follow the name with ‘san’ regardless of
gender.
• Make greeting with a bow rather then shaking hands.
• Will consider our humour too familiar.
• Touching and direct eye contact must be avoided.
Continued
• Service in Japan is prompt and efficient, staff
are exceptionally well groomed and
presented.
• Alcohol is accepted, however some women
are reluctant to drink in public.
• Apologies must be sincere and without
excuses.
Things to Remember with Asian Visitors
• Age
Age is often linked to status in hierarchical cultures.
The older you are the higher rank you should have
achieved (or wisdom acquired) and thus the greater
status and respect you should be shown.
• Alcohol
Alcohol drinking patterns differ from country to
country and often wine is not drunk with meals.
Rather, beer, whiskey and brandy are more popular
beverages.
continued
• Anger
Anger indicates loss of physical and emotional control. All
verbal and non-verbal expressions of anger or displeasure
should be minimised - even if they are not directed towards
the visitor.
• Apologies
Different cultures view apologies differently. The Japanese
expect them, but other cultures may use an apology to gain
some sort of an advantage. Apologies should be formally
made, appear sincere and be unconditional for both sides.
Things to remember with Asian visitors (continued)
• Baths/Showers
Visitors may take frequent baths or showers and require
extra towels.
• Visitors may take showers with shower curtains outside the
bath, wetting the floor. Shower curtains should be placed
inside the bath prior to room being occupied.
• Asian visitors may try to bathe as they do in their own
countries: washing outside the bath and then soaking in
the bath. This may cause a wet bathroom floor area.
(continued)
• Buffet & Self-Service
Buffet and self-service style dining may be new to some
Asian visitors.
• They may be unsure of queuing practices and the
etiquette involved in being able to go back to taste the
various courses of food in the buffet.
• Older visitors or visitors of high social status may dislike
having to queue.
• Please take time to explain this concept to the Asian
visitor.
(continued)
• Garbage
Asian Visitors may leave a lot of garbage in the room.
• Gift Giving
It is a custom of many Asian countries to bring back souvenirs for
family, friends and co-workers.
• Handing/Receiving
The handing and receiving of items should be done with both hands
or in some instances one hand, right hand forward.
• Jokes
Jokes may be misunderstood and any misunderstanding may lead to
loss of 'face'. Jokes should never be made about individuals, food
being served or situations.
• Laundry
In hotels, Asian visitors will often wash their personal laundry and dry
them outside their rooms on the balcony.
continued
• Dining Restrictions
•
Both religious beliefs and common dining practices may
affect what - or how - a visitor may eat.
• Hindu
Hindu visitors do not eat beef or beef products, and may be
vegetarian. Many Hindus will not consume alcohol.
Muslim
Muslim visitors do not eat pork or pork products, preferred
meat slaughtered according to Islamic tradition (halal) and
may not consume alcohol.
• Dietary laws for Jews are: the do not eat pork or pork
products.
• All blood must be drained form the meat or boiled out form it
before it is consumed
continued
• Colours
Colours have special meaning in Asia, especially in China, Japan
and Korea. For the Chinese in particular, white and black are
funeral colours, red and pink are considered 'happy' colours,
and gold and green are 'prosperous' colours.
• Cutlery
Many Asian visitors will not be used to Western cutlery,
especially knives to cut meat dishes (dishes are usually served
pre-cut into bite-sized pieces). Forks and spoons are common
utensils in Southeast Asia, and are placed on the table with the
fork on the left side of the plate and the spoon on the right.
continued
• Numbers
Numbers have special meaning in many Asian cultures
(especially in Chinese societies). Four (4) and ten (10) are
considered 'unlucky' numbers as their pronunciation is similar
to "death", while eight (8) and six (6) are considered 'lucky'
numbers.
• In Japan, for example, even though the normal household
consists of four people, four items are not packaged together
to make a set - five items usually make a set.
•
Culture &Social Diversity
Week (15)
Things to remember with Asian visitors (continued)
• Physical Contact
Physical contact, especially between opposite sexes, should
be avoided as Asian cultures tend to be conservative in this
area.
• The head should never be touched.
• Do not be surprised if men hold hands or the arms of other
men, or women with women - there is usually no sexual
connotation involved.
• Smiling
Smiling or laughing may not mean happiness, they could
mean nervousness instead. The use of phrases like "Thank
you" and "Please" is not common with many Asian cultures,
often a smile is given instead.
Continued
• Toilets
Toilets are viewed as 'wet areas' in South East Asia, with
water used instead of toilet paper. This may result in water
being splashed around the cistern area.
• Visitors may be unused to the different disposal of female
hygiene items in Australia, such as tampons and sanitary
napkins and dispose of them directly into the toilet.
Things to remember with Asian visitors (continued)
• "Yes" & "No"
Saying "yes" may not mean yes for many Asian visitors. "Yes"
may simply mean "I hear what you are saying", rather than
indicating an affirmative answer.
• Saying "no" is often difficult for many Asian visitors to do even if they want to say no. If they (or you) say "no", they/you
may be setting up a situation where somebody may lose face.
Often the word "difficult" is used instead of "no" (as in, "It is
difficult").
• With Asian visitors, often it is more polite to say "I'm sorry, but
I don't think that we will be able to...." instead of simply saying
"no"
Facts/Hong Kong Chinese
^ Hong Kong people are extremely status conscious, with the
issue of 'face' important to both securing and maintaining
status.
Confucian traditions and the family are the most important
factors contributing to the development of Hong Kong people's
character. Loyalty, respect and obedience - especially to family,
elders and those of higher status - are maintained.
^ In practice, Hong Kong people are very competitive and price
conscious, but conflict and open aggression is avoided. In
business, they prefer quick responses and view time as being an
important commodity, with punctuality being a distinct sign of
respect.
Hong Kong Chinese Needs
• Hong Kong visitors are fairly sophisticated and generally do not
require different treatment from other Asian visitors.
Expectations are high regarding service levels as status is
important.
• Hong Kong is a popular tourism destination in itself, so good
service, food and accommodation is usually sufficient to satisfy
this visitor.
• Most visitors from Hong Kong are fairly humble in their
expectations, although they appreciate the face (status) given
when service is 'special'.
•
Food
• Food is very important to the Hong Kong visitor. Dining out is a
common form of entertainment, and eating different types of
food is considered part of the travel experience.
• Rice is, of course, the staple food, but is accompanied by a
variety of 'stir-fried' dishes using almost any and all meats,
seafood and vegetables available, in almost any combination.
• In fact, almost any sort of food - well prepared and using fresh
ingredients - is acceptable, including kangaroo, crocodile or emus
meat dishes. Seafood is especially popular.
Do you realise
• Hong Kong visitors follow the Chinese style of dining, and
commonly use chopsticks. Communal dining is normal and while
Western-style dining and cutlery is common, knife handling may
not be all that easy for older visitors.
Smiling
• Smiling and laughing fulfil a number of purposes,
including the covering-up of embarrassment.
• The Chinese habit of laughing or smiling to cover up
negative emotions can be very disconcerting for
Westerners.
Language differences
• In certain circumstances some languages
differences can make Chinese appear
inappropriately direct and rude to Westerners.
• This occurs because certain expressions such as
‘ How are you?’, ‘Goodbye’, ‘Thankyou’, ‘Please’ and
I’m sorry are used so frequently in English( even
with friends and family) that they can sound
overused ( to Chinese listeners). Such frequently
used expressions can suggest, to Chinese, a lack of
sincere interest in people.
continued
• As a result of these language differences, Chinese
might sound rude and demanding when speaking
English because of:
• The lack of polite terms such as ‘Please’,
‘Thankyou’ and ‘Sorry’.
• The tendency of Chinese to ask “personal
questions’ questions such as ‘how old are you’?,
‘How much did it cost?’ and so on.
Communication
• Generally speaking, Chinese do not like to be touched by
someone whom they do not know.
• A smile is preferred to a pat on the back or a kiss on the cheek,
Some may prefer not to shake hands. There is usually little public
touching between sexes, including between married couples.
However, it is quite normal for male to hold hands, especially in
China, as a show of friendship.
Eye-contact
• Chinese, especially Overseas-Chinese, tend to maintain
more eye-contact than many other Asians. However,
winking at someone is impolite and can have a bad
connotations.
Anger/ pointing
• An open hand is usually used for pointing
• Chinese may show their negative response or anger by waving
a hand in front of their face in a quick action similar to fanning
themselves.
Dinning habits
• The food is the important thing. It is not usual to sit around the
dining table after that last course is complete. People get up
and go. A speedy end is good manners, although the bill should
arrive only when it is asked for.
• Chinese usually do not eat a lot of meat especially beef many
women will not touch beef), and they tend not to like big pieces
of meat or undercooked meat.
• Many Chinese do not like dairy products
• Cold food is not highly regarded, and in Chinese cuisine only
one first dish is cold. A cold main meal is usually not acceptable.
• It is also advisable to have Chinese soy sauce, toothpicks,
chopsticks and hot moist towels, as appropriate.
Do's and Don'ts - Things to Remember
• Status ('face') is important.
Colours have meaning - black, white are colours of
mourning. Red and pink are happy colours.
Numbers have meaning - four (4) and ten (10) are 'bad'
numbers.
• Hong Kong people are extremely status conscious.
• Hong Kong people are very competitive and price
conscious
Conflict and open aggression is to be avoided.
• Quick responses are expected.
Punctuality is a sign of respect.
Singaporeans
• Singapore, the "Lion Island" at the base of the Malay peninsula
is a modern, urbanised 'City State' of 2.9 million people who
reflect a positive multi-cultural existence.
• The smallest nation in Southeast Asia (633 square kilometres),
Singapore's population of Chinese, Malays and Indians live in
comparative racial harmony.
• Harmonious existence between the three major ethnic groups
and strong government policy towards education has resulted
in a highly educated work force and the highest standard of
living in Asia outside of Japan.
Singaporean Identity
• The Singaporean identity is quite strong, and through support
of individual culture and values as part of official Government
policy, racial tensions found elsewhere in Asia have been
mitigated.
• There are four official languages in Singapore - English,
Mandarin (Chinese), Malay and Tamil (Indian), with the
Government encouraging the learning and use of Mandarin,
Malay and Tamil by those of their ethnic descent.
• The result has been that many Singaporeans are now multilingual and speak three to five languages (Malay, English and
their own ethnic language).
The needs
• The needs of Singaporean visitors are simple. However,
allowances should be made, to the possible different religious
and dietary requirements and preferences of the three major
ethnic groups.
• The expectations of the Singaporean visitor partially reflect both
the conservative nature of the society and the individual
cultural influence of the country's three major ethnic groups.
Singaporeans of Malay descent are low key, easy going and
comparatively less vocal in their demands and/or expectations.
Identities continued
• The Chinese and Indian Singaporeans, on the other hand, will be
more visibly (and vocally) demanding, with the Chinese tending
to be more relaxed than the Indian Singaporean.
• It should also be noted that, given their income levels, almost
all Singaporean visitors will be used to high levels of personal
service.
Be aware
• The multi-ethnic and multi-cultural make-up of Singaporean
visitors means that often, different needs are present,
especially in the area of diet.
• Chinese Singaporeans will eat (and often prefer) pork, but
tend not to eat lamb, mutton or dairy foods.
• Malay Singaporeans will generally not eat pork (or pork
products), nor consume alcohol and Hindu Indian
Singaporeans may tend to follow their religious practice of
not eating beef and may practise some form of
vegetarianism.
• As noted, while English is widely spoken, there may be
different accents and nuances between the three ethnic
groups when speaking the language.
• Singaporean visitors generally do not require special
accommodation requirements above and beyond
expected service levels.
Training: The right hand only should be used to present or
pass over items. It should be recognised as well, that
bathrooms are considered 'wet' areas and that some
Malay Singaporeans may use water instead of toilet paper
to clean themselves. This may cause unexpected splashing
of water around the toilet cistern.
• While not so much a difficulty in addressing Chinese or
Indian Singaporeans, Malay Singaporean husbands and
wives may not have the same family name.
Do's & Don'ts - Things to Remember
^Singaporeans are very conservative.
Jokes should never be made about food.
Punctuality is expected.
Respect and courtesy should be shown to those of high
status or to elders.
Never serve pork or pork products to a Malay (Muslim)
Singaporean.
Alcohol is usually not consumed by Malay or Muslim
Singaporeans.
Pointing with the finger is considered bad taste, but
using the thumb is acceptable.
Beckoning is done with the whole hand, palm down.
continued
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Pointing with the feet is considered bad taste - never point
towards a person with them.
The soles of the feet should never be exposed (especially
towards a person).
The head is considered sacred, do not touch.
The right hand should be used to eat, or pass/receive objects.
Gifts are not opened in front of the giver.
Personal space should be recognised.
Compliments or flattery are appreciated, but usually denied.
Physical contact (especially with the opposite sex) should be
minimised or avoided.
Different Cultures in Singapore - Different Things to Remember
• As the country is multi-cultural, the mannerisms, attitudes and
customs of Singaporeans reflect the separate ethnic backgrounds
of each of the different major populations: Chinese, Malay and
Indian.
• Chinese
Continued
Chinese Singaporeans still maintain many of the customs and
preferences of their origin. Traditions and respect for family and
ancestors is often practiced. Age is seen as a sign of wisdom.
• Colours are believed to have different meanings, with black,
white and blue seen as sad (mourning) colours and pink or red as
colours of happiness or joy.
• Flowers are for funerals or given to the sick, and not for happy
occasions, with food seen as a more appropriate gift.
• Punctuality is an important sign of respect.
continued
• Malay
To the Malay Singaporean, religion (Islam) plays
an important role in determining attitudes and
customs, but it is nowhere near as strictly
enforced as in neighbouring Malaysia.
• Traditional Islamic values, such as modest
clothing for women (head scarves and long
sleeves/hems), and praying five times a day (at
specific times and in any private and clean place
- not necessarily at a mosque) are practices of
individual choices for Muslim Singaporeans.
continued
• Indian
Singaporeans of Indian background follow
many of the practices and beliefs of their area
of origin (please refer to section on 'India').
• Personal space is usually maintained between
men and women.
• Sometimes Indian Singaporeans toss their
heads from side to side to indicate consent or
agreement.
Training:
• It is important that the different dietary requirements and
preferences of each of the three major Singaporean ethnic
groups is recognised and catered for.
• Pork or pork products should never be offered to a Malay
Singaporean or to a mixed group of Singaporeans without
enquiring as to the dietary preferences of the visitors. The
positioning of spoons and forks on the table should be noted.
•
• The passing of items with the right hand should be strictly
adhered to. Spices and spicy condiments should be available.
Jokes about the food being served should never take place.
Koreans
• The Republic of Korea (South Korea) is one of Asia's
newest 'internationals' and has become one of Asia's
leading economic "tigers" in a rather short period of time.
• Koreans are extremely venturesome, assertive, direct and
open in their business and negotiating styles.
• Koreans are similar in many ways to those with the
Japanese, with perhaps one significant difference which
sets the Koreans far apart from the Japanese. Koreans are
significantly more independent and individualistic, and
thus can be demonstrably aggressive.
Culture
• Koreans love to shop, especially luxury goods.
• Markets, shopping centres, department stores and eateries are
expected to open late.
• Male-dominated country.
• Expect goods to be made in Australia.
• Impatient people, therefore need quick service.
• Koreans expect Westerners to be punctual for social occasions
and business meetings. Call if you will be delayed. However, you
may be kept waiting up to a half hour. This is not a sign of
disrespect, but reflects the pressure of time on Korean
executives.
• When talking or laughing kept your voices as quiet as possible.
• Koreans establish a relationship before
completing a business deal. This may incorporate
the whole family.
• Blowing your nose in public is rude.
• During winter people wear surgical masks. This
because they have a cold and do not want to
spread germs.
• Koreans are always 5 to 10 minutes late because
of public transportation system.
• Korean men are expected to go to the
compulsory army when they are 20.
• Koreans are good at bargaining.
• When you buy a lot of items in stores, they usually
give something for free, small samples or gifts.
• Never write a person’s name in red ink. It means
the person is dead.
• Nightlife is very important to Koreans.
• Business meetings usually take place in closed
restaurants.
• Education is expensive.
Greeting
• Bowing is the traditional Korean greeting,
although it is often accompanied by a
handshake among men. To show respect when
shaking hands, support your right forearm with
your left hand.
• Korean women usually nod slightly and will not
shake hands with Western men. Western
women may offer their hand to a Korean man.
• Bow when departing. Younger people may wave.
Body Language
• Koreans consider it a personal violation to be touched by
someone who is not a relative or close friend. Avoid touching,
patting a Korean.
• Direct eye contact between junior and senior business people
should be avoided. This is seen as impolite or even as
suggesting a challenge.
• Do not cross your legs or stretch your legs out straight in front
of you. Keep your feet on the floor, never on a desk or chair.
• Always pass and receive objects with your right hand
(supported by the left hand at the wrist or forearm) or with two
hands.
• To beckon someone, extend your arm, palm down, and move
your fingers in a scratching motion. Never point with your index
finger.
Names & titles
• It is considered very impolite to address a Korean with his or her
given name. Address Koreans using appropriate professional
titles until specifically invited by your host or colleagues to use
their given names.
• Americans should address a Korean with Mr., Mrs., Miss +
family name; however, never address a high-ranking person or
superior in this manner.
• Korean names are the opposite of Western names with the
family name first, followed by the two-part given name. The
first of the two given names is shared by everyone of the same
generation in the family, and the second is the individual's given
name.
Visitor needs
• Korean visitors to Australia do not have high levels of
English speaking ability, although most Koreans can read
and understand simple English.
• As most Koreans are not experienced travellers.
• Whilst Koreans traditionally sit, eat and sleep on the floor
they are quite knowledgeable about Western-style
accommodation, bathing and sanitary facilities.
• They may, however, have some (language) difficulties in
explaining any problems that may arise in relation to their
room.
Visitor’s need (continued)
• Price is always of importance to Korean visitors.
• Patience is the key in dealing with a Korean
visitor. Since Korean visitors may appear
aggressive, service staff may believe that they
are being treated rudely. A discount policy
should be in place. Korean language translation
or interpretation may be required. Visitors
should be welcomed upon arrival and thanked
when purchasing an item and on departure.
Visitor’s need (continued)
• Koreans especially dislike being compared to the
Japanese.
• Koreans are independent, individualistic, and can be
demonstrably aggressive.
• Koreans are extremely venturesome, assertive, direct and
open.
• The correct use of Korean names is essential.
Extra hand towels are appreciated in the bathroom.
Bowing is not necessary.
Visitor’s need (continued)
• Price is always of importance to Koreans.
• Be prepared to re-negotiate prices (and other conditions)
even after initial agreements are made.
• Schedules and itineraries are often changed at the last
minute.
• Simple, quick (but not casual) and efficient service is
preferred.
• Passing and receiving of items should be with the right
hand.
Korean Food
• kimchi
Popular support
Traditional house
PAKISTANI FLAG
CULTURE
• Culture in Pakistan is mostly based on Islam, but it is the
moderate version of Islam where people are more independent
and open to changes.
• Marriages are still arranged, they can be love marriages which
are arranged.
• Food plays a major role in all of the activities around food.
• We can say normal people eat to live but Pakistanis live to eat.
IMPORTANT INFORMATION
• Because majority of the people are Muslim, so
they don’t eat food that have anything to do
with pork.
• The meat they have has to be Halal, which
means the slaughtering of the animal should
be according to Islamic ways.
• Other then that Pakistanis are very down to
earth and don’t mind many things, they just
forget and forgive small mistakes.
TURKISH CULTURE
Customs for visiting Mosques in Turkey
• Many people like to visit the wonderful array of mosques in
Turkey. However it is important to take note of some basic
mosque etiquette. The main custom for visiting a mosque in
Turkey is to remove your shoes before going inside on the
carpet.
• It is also another custom in mosques in Turkey to dress
modestly so that your body and limbs are covered. Women
must cover their hair and nor expose anything below their
ankles. Men should not wear shorts. In some mosques the
caretaker provides visitors with a long robe when their clothes
are inappropriate for the mosque.
BODY LANGUAGE
•
•
•
•
•
You're most likely to notice the difference in body language:
Yes: head nodded forward slightly
No: head and eyebrows lifted, lips make 'tsk' sound
I don't understand: head wagged from side to side
Come here/follow me: hand waved downward in a scooping
motion, with word Gel gel! ('Come! Come!')
SOCIAL LIFE
• Hospitality is an integral part of Turkish culture. Friends,
relatives, and neighbours often visit each other. In large cities,
people usually try to telephone in advance, but in places where
this is not practical they may visit without notice.
• The tradition of hospitality dictates that visitors are always
invited in and offered something to drink, such as tea, coffee, or
soda water, and sometimes something to eat, such as crackers
or biscuits. It is impolite to decline the offer.
WHAT WOMAN WEAR IN TURKEY
• For your holiday in Turkey, dress the same as you usually would.
• Only 30% of Turkish woman dress in the traditional head scarf,
and light over-all top coat, when going out in public.
• Typical young Turkish Muslim woman……
(notice the fashion magazine in her hand)