Alchemists hard at work.

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The study of the composition, structure, and properties of matter and the changes it undergoes.
Branches:
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Organic
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Inorganic
Physical
Analytical
Biochemistry
Theoretical

Research –
What are some ‘modern technologies’ that have impacted the way we live?
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Basic Reasearch
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Increasing knowledge
Applied Research
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Solve a specific problem
Technological Development
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Production and use of products to improve quality of life

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4 states of matter
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Solids
Liquids
Gases
Plasma
Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT)
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All matter is made of particles that are in constant motion

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Very low KE – particles vibrate
Fixed shape
Fixed volume

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Low KE – particles can move around but are close together
Variable shape
Fixed volume

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High KE – particles separate and move freely
Variable shape
Variable volume

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Very high KE
 particles collide with enough energy to break into charged particles
Gas-like – variable shape and volume
Ex: stars, fluorescent light bulbs

The Four States of Matter
Solid, Liquid, Gas, and Plasma

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Intensive property does NOT depend on sample size.
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Ex: density, melting point
Extensive property does depend on sample size.
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Ex: mass, volume, energy

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Can be observed without changing the identity of the substance
Examples:
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Color
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Viscosity
Melting and boiling points
Thermal conductivity
Electrical conductivity
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More Examples:
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Specific heat
Luster
State of matter
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Phase changes
Magnetism
Solubility
Malleability
Ductility
Crystal Form
Tenacity

Solid
Melting
Freezing
Deposition
Sublimation
Liquid
Condensation
Evaporation
Gas

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Ability to change into a new substance
Reactants become products
Examples:
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Flammable
Rusting
Reactivity
Oxidation
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Acidity/basisity
Corrosion
Inert

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Honey and motor oil are very slow to pour. What property bests describes this property???
Viscosity
What property of liquids would you look for to start charcoal for a BBQ????
Flammability
Iron heats up faster than aluminum. What property is this????
Specific Heat

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Paints made of silver are applied to the back of mirrors. What property of silver is useful????
Luster
The copper on the Statue of Liberty has turned green. What property is causing this???
Corrosion or Oxidation
Jewelry can be pounded to form artistic designs.
What property is this????
Malleability

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A good frying pan heats food evenly. What property of frying is this????
Thermal Conductivity
Quartz forms hexagons and diamonds form cubes.
What property is this???
Crystal Form
You purchase a clear stone that might be a diamond.
What simple test can you make to determine if it is actually a diamond???
Hardness

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You accidentally drop an iron bolt into a hard-to-reach place in your automobile engine. What property of iron enables you to retrieve the bolt without having to find someone with small hands?
Magnetism

Chemical and Physical Properties

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Heat of vaporization - Amount of heat needed to change a liquid into a gas at its boiling point
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Heat of fusion - Amount of heat required to melt a solid at its melting point

yes
MATTER no
Can it be physically separated?
PURE SUBSTANCE MIXTURE yes Is the composition uniform?
Homogeneous
Mixture
(solution) no
Heterogeneous
Mixture yes
Can it be chemically decomposed?
Compound Element no
Colloids Suspensions

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Examples:
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Graphite
Pepper
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Sugar (sucrose)
Paint
Soda
Element
Heterogeneous mixture
Compound
Heterogeneous mixture
Solution (homogeneous mixture

1.
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Element
Composed of identical atoms
Ex: Copper wire, aluminum foil

2.
Compounds
Composed of two or more elements in a fixed ratio
H
O H
H
C
H
C
C
H
O H
C
H
O H
O
H
C
O H
Properties differ from individual elements
Ex: glucose, caffeine
C
H
O H

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Combination of 2 or more pure substances
Homogeneous mixtures
Colloids
Heterogeneous mixtures
Suspensions

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Homogeneous
AKA: Solution
Very small particles that do not settle
No Tyndall effect
Ex: rubbing alcohol, salt water

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Colloid
Heterogeneous
Medium sized particles that do NOT settle
Tyndall effect
Ex: milk

colloid solution
Which glass contains a colloid?
Colloids scatter light, making a beam visible.

Examples of Colloids
Fog, aerosol sprays
Smoke, airborne bacteria
Whipped cream, soap suds
Milk, mayonnaise
Paint, clays, gelatin
Marshmallow, Styrofoam
Butter, cheese
Dispersing
Medium
Gas
Dispersed
Substance
Liquid
Gas
Liquid
Liquid
Liquid
Solid
Solid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Colloid Type
Aerosol
Aerosol
Foam
Emulsion
Sol
Solid foam
Solid emulsion

3.
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Suspension
Heterogeneous
Large particles that will settle
Tyndall effect
Ex: fresh squeezed lemonade

Mixtures – Colloid, suspension, or solution??
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Examples
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Mayonnaise
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Muddy water
Fog
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Salt water
Italian salad dressing
Colloid
Suspension
Colloid
Solution
Suspension

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Rows – Periods
Columns – Groups or Families
1.
2.
3.
Three main types of elements
Metals
Nonmetals
Metalloids

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Conducts heat and electricity
Malleable
Ductile

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Many are gases at room temperature
Solids are brittle

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Touch the stair-step line (except Al)
Some characteristics of metals and nonmetals
Semiconductors