SCIENCE 1206 – UNIT 2
CHEMISTRY
November – January 2009
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UNIT OUTLINE

CHEMISTRY TERMINOLOGY
◦ General Terms
◦ Periodic Table
BOHR DIAGRAMS
 ATOMS versus IONS
 NAMING COMPOUNDS

◦ Ionic
◦ Molecular
◦ Acids

CHEMICAL REACTIONS
◦ Balancing Chemical Equations
◦ 5 Reaction Types
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IMPORTANT TO KNOW . . .
PERIODIC TABLE!!!
 Memorize 48 symbols
 Chem Facts sheet

LINK
 LINK 2

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CHEMISTRY TERMS

MATTER
◦ Anything that has mass and volume (takes up space).
◦ What is not matter?
 Energy

MASS
◦ The amount of matter an object contains, measured
in grams, g.
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3 STATES OF MATTER

SOLID
◦ Definite volume and shape

LIQUID
◦ Definite volume, indefinite shape

GAS
◦ Indefinite volume, indefinite shape

Chemistry Subscripts
◦
◦
◦
◦
(s) - solid
(l) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) – aqueous, dissolved in water
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3 STATES OF MATTER
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WHAT IS CHEMISTRY?
Chemistry is the study of the properties and
chemical changes of matter.

So, chemistry matters 

Examples of chemical reactions:
◦ Rusting
◦ Burning/Combustion
◦ C+ O2  CO2
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TWO TYPES OF CHEMISTRY

PURE CHEMISTRY
◦ Theoretical work that involves DESCRIBING
known substances and DISCOVERING new
compounds.

APPLIED CHEMISTRY
◦ Practical work that involves searching for USES
for known substances.
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PHYSICAL PROPERTY

A QUALITY or CHARACTERISTIC of a substance
that can be observed WITHOUT a chemical
reaction.

Examples of Physical Properties
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
State of matter
Hardness
Colour
Malleability
Ductility
Odor
Solubility
Brittleness
Conductivity
Melting Point and Boiling Point
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PHYSICAL CHANGE

A change in state of matter.
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

Melting/fusion – SOLID to LIQUID
Freezing – LIQUID to SOLID
Evaporation – LIQUID to GAS
Condensation – GAS to LIQUID
Sublimation – SOLID to GAS
Deposition – GAS to SOLID
Ex:
H2O(s)  H2O(l)
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CHEMICAL PROPERTY
 A BEHAVIOUR that can only be observed
during a CHEMICAL CHANGE.
eg.
magnesium ribbon burning

2 Mg(s) + O2  2 MgO(s) + light energy
CHEMICAL CHANGE
 A change that forms ONE OR MORE NEW
SUBSTANCES.
 eg. Iron Rusting
4 Fe(s) +
3 O2(g)
 Fe2O3(s)
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5 INDICATORS OF CHEMICAL CHANGE
DIFFICULT TO REVERSE.
 Observe the next 4…

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CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

COLOUR CHANGE
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CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

BUBBLES OF GAS
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CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

SOLID (PRECIPITATE) FORMATION
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CHEMICAL CHANGE INDICATORS

HEAT/LIGHT GIVEN OFF
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HOMEWORK!!!
Identify the following as a PHYSICAL PROPERTY or
a CHEMICAL PROPERTY.
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Burns in air when heated.
Melts at 98 degrees Celsius.
Reacts violently with water.
Can be cut with a knife.
Conducts electricity.
Identify the following as a PHYSICAL CHANGE or a
CHEMICAL CHANGE.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Digesting a meal.
Butter melting in a pan.
Burning gasoline.
Wood rotting.
LINK
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MATTER FLOW CHART-Draw
MATTER
PURE
SUBSTANCE
COMPOUND
MIXTURE
HOMOGENEOUS
MIXTURE
(SOLUTION)
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE
ELEMENT
ATOM
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PURE SUBSTANCE
Made up of only ONE TYPE OF ATOM
or ATOM COMBINATION
 Stays the same in response to a physical
change
 Example:

◦ O2
◦ H 2O

TWO TYPES:
◦ Element
◦ Compound
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TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

ELEMENT
◦ A pure substance that CANNOT be broken down
into a simpler substance by a CHEMICAL
CHANGE.
◦ It is made up of 1 TYPE OF ATOM.
Element SYMBOLS - first letter UPPERCASE and
the second letter lowercase
Element names - written in lowercase letters.
◦ Examples:
Na – sodium
Ar – argon
Li – lithium
W - tungsten
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TYPES OF PURE SUBSTANCES

COMPOUND
◦ A pure substance that CAN be broken down
into its elements with a CHEMICAL CHANGE.
◦ made from two or more elements are chemically
bonded in fixed ratios.
◦ Examples:
NaCl – sodium chloride
C6H12O6 – glucose
CH4 – methane
H2O - water
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MIXTURE

Contains 2 or more pure
substances
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
 AKA SOLUTION
 only one visible phase
eg. air, apple juice, salt water
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURE
 Contains 2 or more visible phases
throughout
eg. Soil, soup, fruitcake
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DIATOMIC MOLECULES
There are 7 elements that are diatomic, or
found in pairs, in their natural state.
 These are:

◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦

H2
O2
F2
Br2
I2
N2
Cl2
Also P4 and S8
Memory tool: P.S., HOFBrINCl
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
REACTANTS
◦ Starting Materials

PRODUCTS
◦ New substances formed

CHEMICAL REACTION
◦ Reactants  Products
◦ Example:
◦ C(s)
+ O2(g)
 CO2(g)
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HOMEWORK . . .
1. Name the type of pure substance that is
found on the periodic table.
2. Give an example of each of the following:
1. Pure substance
2. Heterogeneous mixture
3. Homogeneous mixture
LINK
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