8/20 Due: Nothing (Thurs Signed form is due!)
• No Brain Work Problem today
– Make sure you have your composition
notebook tomorrow!
Today: Finish Rules/Procedures
Finish Get to Know You
Get to Know ME!
You are the Scientist
Scientific Summer
HOMEWORK:
Scientific
Summer
YOU are a scientist in this
classroom
• Curiosity, honesty, open-mindedness, and
skepticism are all necessary traits for
becoming a scientist
• Ask questions and look around for
alternative explanations
• Science is an ongoing process, not the
discovery of unchanging, absolute truth
Jack and Judy were lying on the floor dead.
There was a puddle of water and broken glass
on the floor. How did they die?
Two men walk into a restaurant. The waiter
brings them both beverages. The
beverages are the same. One man drinks
his glass down right away and nothing bad
happens to him. The other man takes his
time and drinks slowly. He dies. Why?
Mr.Smith lives on the 30th floor of his
apartment building. Every day he takes the
elevator from the lobby to the 15th floor
and walks up the stairs the rest of the way.
On rainy days he takes the elevator all the
way from the lobby to the 30th floor. Why?
There is a room with a table, 53 bicycles, and four
men. One of the four men is dead. How did he
die?
A car stops in front of a hotel. A man turns to
his wife and shouts “I’m ruined” why?
• There are 27 people in a cabin on a
mountain. The windows and doors are
locked, but everyone inside is dead. What
happened?
An avid birdwatcher sees an unexpected
bird. Soon he’s dead. What happened?
Scientific Summer
When you are done, please sit quietly and
wait for others to finish.
We will share with class!
8/21 Due: Scientific Summer
Get it out and put in on your desk!
Brain Work Problem #1
Describe 3 observations you have made looking around the classroom.
(Write this in your composition notebook!)
• Date/BrainWork Problem
• Write Question
• Write Answer
Today:
Share Scientific Summer
What is science?
How to make an
observation…
Homework:
Get parent form
signed…
I. Main Topic
A. First Description or overview
1. Clarifying the description
a. Details
1.) Details
a.) Details
I. Science-A. Science is an organized way of using evidence to learn
about the natural world
1. Science is an ongoing process that involves:
– asking questions
– observing
– making inferences
– testing hypotheses
B. Observations are made in science by using one or more of
our senses.
Ex: hearing, sight, smell, touch
1. information by observations is called data
2. Quantitative observations involve numbers.
Ex: There are 134 oak trees
3. Qualitative observations involve characteristics
that cannot be measured like colors or texture
Ex: The oak trees have orange and red leaves
C. Observations are usually followed by inferences.
1. Inferences are what you can figure out
based on what you already know (logical)
Ex: If you take 5 samples from a pond and they
are all clean enough to drink, you would infer that all
the water in the pond is clean enough to drink
Observations Vs. Inferences
Mystery Footprints…
Fill in notes…
Observations
Inferences
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
D. A hypothesis is a possible answer to a scientific
question or problem
1. In science a hypothesis must be testable
Ex; If the train is stuck, then I will be late to
work.
Ex. If the coyote population decreases, then the
number of deer will increase.
* Use if, then statements
LET’s Practice!
EXIT SLIP-Before you leave today, fill out an exit
slip! It is your ticket out the door!
WRITE ANSWER ON A ½ SHEET OF PAPER!
Analyze the picture to the right: 
Write a qualitative observation:
Write a quantitative observation:
Make an inference:
8/22 Due: Signed Form Thurs.
Brain Work Problem #2
Write one qualitative and one quantitative
observation about the room.
Today:
Review
Scientific Method (1-3)
Independent/Dependent
Variables
Homework:None
Qualitative Observation
Quantitative Observation
Inference
Hypothesis
• 1. I just measured my room to be 15 X 15 feet in size.
• 2. I noticed that all the peaches on that tree are rotten and
have been for the past several months. The next peach I pick
from that tree will probably be rotten as well.
• 3. The dog’s ears are brown and very fuzzy.
• 4. The sky is clear today with no clouds; it probably won’t rain.
• 5. The corn is dying because beetles keep eating little holes in
the stalk. If we spray the corn with pesticides then it will survive
better.
• 6. That tree is at least 132 feet tall.
• 7. There is no grass growing on that part of the lawn. If the dog
stops peeing there, then the grass will grow back.
• 8. That plant has purple buds in the spring and round red
flowers during the summer.
THINK, PAIR, SHARE!
II. Scientific Method
A. Steps to the scientific method
1. Stating the problem
a. do research-get data
2. Forming a hypothesis (testable explanation)
If I give the plant 1 cup of water everyday, then it will
grow taller
3. Controlled experiment that tests the hypothesis
a. Controlled experiments only allow for one
variable to changed at a time
Ex: amount of water you give a plant- one variable
we changed
Run an Experiment…
How good are you at giving
directions??
On a sheet of paper, write down the
directions on how to make a
peanut butter and jelly sandwich
for a person who has never made
one before.
1.) Independent variable the variable that is
deliberately changed (manipulated)
Ex: amount of water we gave the plant
2. ) Dependent variable- the variable which
responds to the change-measured (responding)
Ex: How much the plant grew
Independent
VS
Dependent
Cause
Effect
Before
After
Input
Output
What you do
What happens
8/23 Due: Parent Signed Sheets
Brain Work Problem #3
Summarize a science experiment/project you have
done. What did you learn from it?
Homework:
Independent/Dependent
Poster
The "if" part of your hypothesis is the independent
variable
The "then" part is the dependent variable.
If I increase the amount of time the
flowers get light, then they will bloom
in a shorter amount of time.
Identify the Dependent and
Independent Variables for each
hypothesis! T.P.S.
Dependent vs. Independent Poster
You will have the rest of this class period to
work on this poster, what you do not finish will
be due at the beginning of class tomorrow!
DUE FRIDAY!
8/24 Due: Poster
Brain Work Problem # 4
A number of rats are divided into two groups: One group is
fed a normal diet, while the other group is fed the same
diet but with one necessary mineral left out. The animals
receiving the normal diet remained healthy; those in the
other group grew weaker.
Formulate a hypothesis based on this experiment.
What is the independent variable?
Homework:
Read pgs. 32-35
Summarize
“A case study…”
What is the dependant variable?
I would like to know if bread stays fresh longer when its
refrigerated. I have two loaves of bread that expire on
the same day, one of which I leave in the refrigerator
and one I leave on my counter at room temperature.
Determine the:
Hypothesis: Write an If, then statement
Control group: group you don’t change at all
Experimental group: group you change one variable with
Independent variable: thing you are purposely
manipulating
Dependent variable: variable you are measuring (looking
to see how it changed)
I would like to know if food coloring effects the
taste of icing. I have 2 cup’s of the exact
same icing and I add pink food coloring to
only one cup. I then taste both of the cups,
gather data about their taste, and draw a
conclusion.
Write a hypothesis and describe the control
group, experimental group, independent
variable, dependent variable
cup #1
cup #2
• Hand-out books!
• Read pages 32-35 for homework.
Summarize: “A Case Study of Hypothesis-Based Science”
Write this on loose leaf paper!
8/27 Due: Reading Summary
Brain Work Problem #5
Tell me at least 2 things you learned from
the weekend reading.
Homework:
None
QUIZ FRIDAY!
4. Recording and analyzing results
5. Evaluate the hypothesis and draw a conclusion
1). If the results refute the hypothesis, form a new
hypothesis and test again
*Publish data!!
B. Theory
1. Theories are ideas that have been
tested numerous times and are widely supported
and accepted.
• Ex: Evolution – good example of a theory
• Ex: I have a theory that on Tuesdays the traffic is bad
because no one likes Tuesdays….. BAD example
Smithers thinks that a special juice will increase the
productivity of workers. He creates two groups of 50
workers each and assigns each group the same
task (in this case, they’re supposed to staple a set of
papers.) Group A is given the special juice to drink
while they work. Group B is not given the special
juice. After an hour, Smithers counts how many
stacks of papers each group has made. Group A
made 1,567 stacks, Group B made 2,113.
Write a hypothesis:
What is the:
Control group:
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
What should Smithers’ conclusion be?
Bart believes that mice exposed to microwaves will
become extra strong. He decides to perform this
experiment by placing 10 mice in a microwave for
10 seconds. He compared these 10 mice to
another 10 mice that had not been exposed. His
test consisted of a heavy block of wood that
blocked the mouse food. He found that 9 out of 10
of the microwaved mice were able to push the
block away. 7 out of 10 of the non-microwaved
mice were able to do the same.
Hypothesis?
Control group?
D.V?
I.V.?
Conclusion?
Krusty was told that a certain itching powder was the
newest best thing on the market, it even claims to
cause 50% longer lasting itches. Interested in this
product, he buys the itching powder and compares it
to his usual product. One test subject (A) is sprinkled
with the original itching powered, and another test
subject (B) was sprinkled with the Experiment itching
powder. Subject A reported having itches for 30
minutes. Subject B reported to have itches for 45
min.
Hypothesis:
Control group:
Independent Variable:
Dependent Variable:
Does the data support the advertisement?
Homer notices that his shower is covered in a strange green slime.
His friend Barney tells him that coconut juice will get rid of the
green slime. Homers decides to check this out by spraying half of
the shower with coconut juice. He sprays the other half of the
shower with water. After 3 days of “treatment” there is no
change in the appearance of the green slime on either side of the
shower.
Identify the:
Control group:
Dependent Variable:
Independent Variable:
Conclusion:
NO BRAIN WORK TODAY.
Please go to side lab table and find
your graphing assessment. Finish
completing.
HOMEWORK
DO NOT WRITE ON GRAPHS!
Graph practice
Study for mini quiz
Only write answers on answer sheet!
** On the first graph…The title should say:
“Number of People moving to Australia from
different countries”
Graphs
• Give a visual representation of data
• Summarizes data.
• Two types of variables
– Independent variable the thing you have
control over { x-axis }
– Dependent variable the thing that you
D-Dependent variable
don’t have control over (What you
R- Responding variable
measure). { y-axis }
Y- (goes on) Y-axis
M-Manipulated variable
I-Independent variable
X-(goes on) X-axis
Making a Graph From A Data Table
Time
Absorbed
by Roots
(g/h)
Released
by Leaves
(g/h)
8 AM
10 AM
12 PM
2 PM
4 PM
6 PM
8 PM
1
1
4
6
9
14
10
2
5
12
17
16
10
3
Relative Rates (g/h)
Water Released and Absorbed by Tree
20
Water released by leaves
15
10
5
Water absorbed by roots
0
8 AM 10 AM 12 PM 2 PM 4 PM 6 PM 8 PM
Time
All Graphs Should Have!
• Title
• Label of the axis’
• A consistent scale
• Units
*It should take up as
Much space as
possible
Line Graphs
• Line Graphs- compares sets of data, show
change and patterns over time.
35
30
25
New York
San Diego
Salina Cruz
20
15
10
5
0
J
F
M
A M
J
J
A
S
O N
D
Number of plant sprouts per day for plants A and B
Day
Sprouts Plant A
Sprouts Plant B
1
2
3
4
5
6
10
15
22
35
41
50
2
13
15
20
20
21
-
Get a piece of graph paper
MINI-Quiz Today!
NO BRAIN WORK—Study for quiz…
After you finish the quiz…
Pick up the 1st graphing
assignment from the side
lab table, along with ONE
sheet of graph paper!
Homework:
Graphs
Whatever you do not finish in class, you will need
to do for HOMEWORK!
This is will collected TOMORROW!
Due: 2 Graphs from yesterday’s
data. (Put it in tray)
Instead of Brain Work…Do this:
Get out your graph and data interpretation
sheet (where you made a line graph (#1)
and answered questions (1-5))
*Put on YOUR DESK*
Scientific
Method and
Graph Quiz
Tomorrow
QUIZ TODAY!
STUDY FOR QUIZ!
After quiz, please pick up the
“Introduction to the Metric System”
handout and complete it.
Do the best you can,
to see what you already know!
9/4 Due: Nothing
Brainwork Problem #6
What base unit do you use to measure length?
What base unit do you use to measure volume?
Homework:
Metric
Conversions
V. Measurement:
A. In Science measurements are made using the metric
system
1. Based on units of 10
2. kilo, hecto, deka, Base Unit, deci, centi, milli
3. Length- measured in meters
Ex: 45 meters, 100 cm, 3 mm
4. Volume- measured in liters or cubic cm
Ex: 2 liter of soda
5. Mass- measured in grams
Ex: that gummi bear weighs 4 g
6. Temperature- Celsius
a.) boiling point 100°,
freezing point 0°
Prefix
Symbol
kilok
hectoh
dekada
Base Unit ( either gram, liter, or meter)
decid
centic
milli
m
Kilogram-hectogram-dekagram-gram-decigram-centigram-milligram
kg
- hg
- dag - g - dg cg - mg
Kilometer-hectometer-dekameter-meter-decimeter-centimeter-millimeter
km
- hm - dam - m - dm cm - mm
Kiloliter-hectoliter-dekaliter-liter-deciliter-centiliter-milliliter
kL
- hL
- daL - L - dL - cL - mL
Measuring length
• Use a ruler
• Line up from zero not the end of the ruler
• Small divisions are millimeters
0
1
2
3
4
Measuring Volume
• Use a graduated
cylinder.
• The water will curve in
the cylinder.
• Hold it level with your
eye.
• Read the bottom of the
curve.
• Measures in milliliters
mL.
30
20
10
To measure mass, we use a scale. We will use digital scales
in most of our labs.
0
10
20
0
0
1
30
40
100
2
3
50
200
4
60
70
300
5
6
7
80
90 100
400
500
8
9
10
Metric Mania
Practice Metric Conversions
34 cm into m
567 g into kg
1.2 L into mL
Due: Turn in your Metric Mania
Worksheet!
Brain Work Problem #7
Convert:
134 cm into _____ m
2.3 L into _____mL
443 mg into _____ kg
• Metric Conversion Rap!
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhtgKHYZti0
Metric Measurement Activity!
Due: Metric Measurement Activity
No BrainWork
Review for Mini Quiz
If you were absent the other
day, make sure you turn in
your homework: Metric Mania
conversion practice!
Metric Conversion Mini Quiz Today!
III. Testing spontaneous generation
A. Spontaneous generation is the idea that
life can arise from something non-living
1. People believed that maggots
spontaneously appeared on meat
B. In 1668, Francesco Redi conducted a
control experiment which proved that flies
were to blame instead
1-8 Redi’s Experiment on
Redi’s Figure
Meat
Experiment
Spontaneous Generation
Control group? Independent
variable? Dependant variable?
Section 1-2
OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.
HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.
PROCEDURE
Uncovered jars
Covered jars
Several
days pass
Responding Variable:
whether maggots
appear
Maggots appear
No maggots appear
CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous
generation of maggots did not occur.
Go to
Section:
Needham vs. Spallanzani
Section 1-2
Gravy is boiled.
Go to
Section:
Louis Pasteur wanted to settle the argument
.
once and for all by designing an experiment
where air was allowed to reach the flask but
microorganisms were not. How do you think he
did it?
C. Louis Pasteur again disproved the idea of
spontaneous generation by allowing air to reach
the broth but not the microorganisms
1. Showed that all living things come from
other living things
Broth is boiled.
Broth is free of
microorganisms
for a year.
Curved neck
is removed
Broth is
teeming with
microorganisms.
Due today: Nothing
Brain Work Problem #8
What is spontaneous generation?
Give one example of an experiment that
disproves spontaneous generation.
Give one, Get one
Think Pair Share!
1.) On a ½ sheet of paper write the word “ME” on the
front and “YOU” on the back.
2.) Try to think of 3 characteristics you think all living
things share. Write this on the ME side.
3.) Go around the room and GIVE one of your
characteristics and GET one of someone else’s.
4.) GET 4 new characteristics.
5.) Find a partner. Together narrow down your lists
until you only have 8 characteristics total.
Due today: Nothing
Brain Work Problem #8
List as many characteristics of life as you
can remember
IV. Characteristics of Life
How do you know if something is alive?
A. Biology- study of life
B. Living things share 8 characteristics:
ALL LIVING THINGS MUST:
1. Reproduce- sexual- 2 different parents
Offspring different from parents &
each other
asexual- one parent
offspring are a copy of parent (clone)
2. Cell- smallest living thing:
unicelluar organism is made up a single cell
multicellular organisms are made up of many cells
organized into tissue, organs & systems
Ameba
3. DNA- parents pass DNA to offspring
4. Growth and Development- all organisms
grow at some point in life; some do
metamorphosis
5. Response to environment- Organisms live in
constantly changing environments and must respond
to stay alive.
Examples:
1) Days become shorter and the temperature
gets colder - Snowshoe hare changes color
2) Your body temperature goes up - you sweat
(Identify the Stimulus & the Response in these examples)
6. Evolve- as a species, living things evolve over time
7. Homeostasis- keeping body normal
(temp, pulse, pH, etc.) despite external changes
“Homeo”-same
“stasis”- state
8. Needs for materials and energy-Organisms must
gain energy either from the sun or other organisms
to survive
• Living things need energy to
grow, develop, repair damage,
get food, avoid danger,
reproduce, etc.
• Sun – ultimate source of
energy for most life on earth
• Autotrophs (plants, algae, and
many bacteria) use the sun’s
energy to make food.
• Heterotrophs (animals, fungi,
and many bacteria) ingest
other organisms for food &
energy.
So what are the 8 characteristics of
all living things??
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Reproduce
Made of Cells
Have DNA—genetic material
Grow and Develop
Respond to their environment
Evolve
Maintain Homeostasis
Obtain and Use Energy
Think of an organism.
Relate the 8 characteristics of life to this
organism by drawing a picture of the
organism to show the
characteristics of life.
Please label or make a key,
showing the 8 characteristics.
BE CREATIVE!
DUE: Nothing
Brain Work Problem #9
• Pick up Characteristic’s of Life Practice
Quiz and complete it as best you can
(without notes)
Levels of Organization
Biosphere – all parts of earth including living and
nonlivng, atmosphere etc.
Ecosystem- all living and nonliving things in one area
Community-all living organisms in one area
Population-all organisms of the same species in the
same area
Organism- individual living thing
Group of cells -cells with similar functions combine
to make tissues, organs, organ systems
Cell – smallest living unit
Molecule- group of atoms, nonliving
The Biosphere
• All parts of the
Earth inhabited
with living things.
• The world’s
major
communities:
– Freshwater
– Marine
– Desert
– Forest
– Grassland
– Tundra
www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/index.php
Biomes
Ecosystems
• Communities of
living things in an
area, plus all the
nonliving features
of the environment
that supports the
living.
• An organism’s
specific
environment
with
characteristic
living and
nonliving
factors
habitat
Species and Population
• Species:
A distinct type
of organism
Redwing Blackbirds
male and female
Population: a group
of individuals of the
same species living
in the same place at
the same time.
Organism
• An individual living
thing.
Cells
• The basic unit of
life.
Molecules
• Small particles
made up of 2 or
more atoms bonded
together.
Molecules make up
both living and
nonliving things.
DNA is an important
molecule for life.
Molecules
• A gene is a unit of
genetic information
that carries the
information for our
traits.
More Levels of Life
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Biosphere
Biomes
Ecosystems
Community
Habitat
Species
Population
• Organism
• Group of Cells
– Organ Systems
– Organs
– Tissues
• Cells
• Molecules
• Atoms
Microscopes
A. 2 main types of microscope:
1. Electron microscopes:
a. forms an image of a specimen using
a beam of electrons rather than light
b. Specimen placed in a vacuum so no
living samples are used
2. Light microscopesa. uses two lenses
b. light from the base shines up through the
specimen
c. Ocular lens is 10x, objective lens is either 10x,
or 40x
Ex: What is the magnification of an object which
uses the 40x objective lens?
Ocular 10x * Objective 40x= 400x
Inference or Hypothesis? (remember hypothesis
answers a question or problem)
1.If I cut my grass every week, then my yard will attract
less insects.
2.None of the 6 pumps at this gas station work, this
next pump will probably not work either.
3.If I dust my dresser every week then I will get fewer
allergies.
4.The crickets start singing every night at about 9pm,
they will start singing tomorrow night at 9pm as well.
* Which of these are quantitative observations? How do
you know?
1. You must be able to __________ a hypothesis.
2. What characteristic of life describes entire species
changing over millions of years?
3. What is one way we maintain homeostasis?
4. What are the two types of reproduction?
5. What is the first step to the scientific method?
6. Describe a theory.
7. What is the last step in the scientific method?
8. Fransisco Redi proved that _________
_____________ was not possible.
9. Write a qualitative observation.
10. Which type of variable causes a change in
something else? (I.V. or D.V.) ?
I have two plants (Plant A and Plant B) that are the
exact same in every way. They are watered the
same amount, in the sun the same amount, and
planted in the same soil. They are both very sick.
Help me to design an experiment that will help save
my plants.
1. State the problem
2. What is the hypothesis
3. Describe the experiment you would do.
4. What is the control group?
5. What is the dependent variable?
6. What is the independent variable?
Essay practice!
List one characteristics of life and describe
how it effects an organism.
One characteristic of life is that all living things reproduce.
This can be either asexual, involving one parent, or sexual,
involving two parents. Sexual reproduction also increases
genetic diversity in a population. Reproduction is important
because it is how populations increase. Reproduction
occurs in every species on earth.
Measure using what unit?
1. Glass of milk _________________ (volume)
2. Pack of gum _________________ (mass)
3. Length of a Porsche ___________ (length)
4. Width of a paperclip __________ (length)
5. Pack of M & M’s ____________ (mass)
6. Bottle of water _______________ (volume)
7. Body temperature of a monkey__________ (temp)
8. Diameter of the sun _________________ (length)
9. Distance to Pluto? __________________ (distance)
10. How late you are for class ___________ (time)
1. What does it mean to maintain a stable
internal balance? (which of the 8
characteristics of life)
2. Biologist only study what type of things?
3. The information you gather while
completing an experiment is called what?
4. What do you use to measure mass in a
science lab?
5. What are the 8 characteristics all living
things share? Give examples of each.
6. What’s the smallest living thing?
7. List in order the steps to the scientific method.
Objective lens top lens large movement pin ocular lens
light plate magnifier course objective knob stage
A
B
C
D
E
1. volume/ mass/ length
a. 2 liter of soda ___________
b. 5 kilometer race _________
c. That pencil weighs 10 grams________
d. I am 67 cm tall __________
e. That graduated cylinder holds 10 ml of
water_______________
f. I weigh 72574 grams __________
2. Convert 3 meters to mm
3. Convert 5432 inches to miles
4. Convert 2 meters to feet
5. Convert 39 miles to km
6. What were the two types of microscopes we talked