APA Citation Style
July 2008
JIBC Library
Reminders
• Sources to cite:
– Information gathered from books, articles,
newspapers, websites, films, statistics, e-mails,
lectures, radio & TV shows
– Cite your sources “in-text” & in your
Reference List – BOTH places
– Use “quotation marks” for direct quotations
(except if 40 or more words)
– Don’t use “quotation marks” for paraphrases
More Reminders
• Double-space your Reference List
• Alphabetize your Reference List by
authors/editors Last Names (if no author,
alphabetize by first Title word other than A, An,
The)
• Use authors’ initials instead of first names
• The MAIN OBJECTIVES are to give credit to
your sources AND for your reader to be able to
find the material you have used
FINAL REMINDER
• For more detailed information, refer to:
• Getting Started with APA Style Handout
• Also available on the JIBC Library
webpage http://www.jibc.ca/library/
• Click on How Do I?
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
How to credit your sources in the
body of your paper
Citing your Sources
• In-text citations appear within the text of
your paper
• In-text citations may be either “direct
quotes” or paraphrased information
• Direct quotes use “quotation” marks and
include a page or paragraph number
• See the following slides for examples
In-text Citation - Direct Quote
• Watson (2007) explained that, “it is very
important to learn how to cite using the
APA style” (p. 22).
• OR
• According to the librarian, “it is very
important to learn how to cite using the
APA style” (Watson, 2007, p. 22).
In-text Citation - Paraphrase
• According to Appleby and Peach (2006),
fruits and vegetables are generally
accepted as the healthiest choices for
dessert.
• OR
• Fruits and vegetables are generally
accepted as the healthiest choices for
dessert (Appleby & Peach, 2006).
PRINT RESOURCES
How to cite print resources
in your Reference List
Book – 1 or 2 authors
• Jacobs, E., & Spadaro, N. (2003). Leading
groups in corrections: Skills and
techniques. Lanham, MD: American
Correctional Association.
• In-text direct quote: (Jacobs & Spadaro,
2003, p. 219)
• In-text paraphrase: (Jacobs & Spadaro,
2003)
3 – 6 Authors
• Whitelaw, B., Parent, R.B., & Griffiths, C.T.
(2004). Community-based strategic policing
in Canada (2nd ed.). Toronto, ON: Thomson
Nelson.
• First in-text direct quote: (Whitelaw, Parent, &
Griffiths, 2004, p. 110)
• Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004, pp. 234-235)
• First in-text paraphrase: (Whitelaw, Parent, &
Griffiths, 2004).
• Subsequent: (Whitelaw et al., 2004)
• If more than 6 authors, see Print Article example
Other Examples
Authored Books
• Mayer, B. (2000). The dynamics of conflict
resolution: A practitioner’s guide. San
Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Kotter, J. P. (1996). Leading change. Boston:
Harvard Business School Press.
• Senge, P., Scharmer, C.O., Jaworski, J., &
Flowers, B.S. (2005). Presence: Exploring
profound change in people, organizations,
and society. New York: Doubleday.
Authored Books continued
• Fisher, R., Ury, W., & Patton, B.
(1991).
Getting to yes: Negotiating agreement
without giving in (2nd ed.). New York:
Penguin.
• Fisher, R., & Brown, S. (1989). Getting
together: Building relationships as we
negotiate. New York: Penguin.
• Ury, W. (1993). Getting past no: Negotiating
your way from confrontation to cooperation
(Rev. ed.). New York: Bantam.
Edited Book
• Fridell, L., & Wycoff, M.A. (Eds.). (2004).
Community policing: The past, present
and future. Washington, DC: Anne E.
Casey Foundation and Police Executive
Research Forum.
• In-text direct quote: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004, p.
33)
• In-text paraphrase: (Fridell & Wycoff, 2004)
Books - Edited
• Masie, E. (Ed.). (2005). Learning: Rants,
raves, and reflections. San Francisco:
Pfeiffer.
• Folger, J. P., & Jones, T.S. (Eds.). (1994).
New directions in mediation:
Communication research and
perspectives. Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.
Chapter in Edited Book
• Sutker, S. (2005). Are you a vendor or a
partner? In E. Masie (Ed.), Learning:
Rants, raves, and reflections (pp. 57-65).
San Francisco: Pfeiffer.
• Donohue, W.A., & Bresnahan, M.I. (1994). In
J.P. Folger & T.S. Jones (Eds.), New
directions in mediation: Communication
research and perspectives (pp. 135-158).
Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Chapter in Edited Book or
Anthology
• Stephens, D. (2004). The challenges to the
future of community policing. In L.
Fridell and M.A. Wycoff (Eds.),
Community policing: The past, present,
and future (pp. 193-205). Washington,
DC: Anne E. Casey Foundation and
Police Executive Research Forum.
In-text – Chapter in Edited Book
• In-text direct quote: (Stephens, 2004, p.
200)
• In-text paraphrase: (Stephens, 2004)
No author
• Webster’s ninth new collegiate dictionary
(9th ed.). (1988). Springfield, MA:
Merriam-Webster.
• In-text direct quote: (Webster’s ninth new
collegiate dictionary, 1988, p. 24)
• In-text paraphrase: (Webster’s ninth new
collegiate dictionary, 1988)
Book – No Author
• Business leadership: A Jossey-Bass
reader. (2003). San Francisco: JosseyBass.
Journal Article
• Richardson, D.S. & Hammock, G.S.
(2007). Social context of human aggression:
Are we paying too much attention to gender?
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(4),
417-426.
• In-text direct quote: (Richardson & Hammock,
2007, p. 419)
• In-text paraphrase: (Richardson & Hammock,
2007)
Journal Article – print version
• Zittrain, J. (2007). Saving the Internet.
Harvard Business Review, 85(6), 4959.
• In-text direct quote: (Zittrain, 2007, p. 50)
• In-text paraphrase: (Zittrain, 2007)
Journal Article – More than 6
Authors
• Include first 6 authors then et al.
• Wolchik, S.A., West, S.G., Sandler, I.N.,
Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et
al. (2000). An experimental evaluation
of theory-based mother and motherchild programs for children of divorce.
Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 68(5), 843-856.
More than 6 Authors – In-Text
Citations
• First & subsequent in-text direct quotes:
– (Wolchik et al., 2000, p. 845)
• First & subsequent in-text paraphrase:
– (Wolchik, et al., 2000)
Newsletter Article – no author
• Treatment for anxiety can promote healing.
(2007, June). Mind, Mood & Memory, 3(6)
pp. 1, 6.
• In-text direct quote: (“Treatment for anxiety,”
2007, p. 1)
• In-text paraphrase: (“Treatment for anxiety,”
2007)
• (Reference List alphabetize by first word of title)
Newspaper Article
• Rolfsen, C. (2007, June 4). High
streamflow advisory for Fraser.
Vancouver Sun, pp. B1, B4.
• In-text direct quote: (Rolfsen, 2007, p. B4)
• In-text paraphrase: (Rolfsen, 2007)
• Kirkey, S. (2007, June 4). Hostility may
be harder on lungs than lighting up.
Vancouver Sun, p. A3.
Newspaper Article
• Dailies & Weeklies: include Year, Month
Day (e.g. 2008, July 8)
• note that p. or pp. is used to indicate page
number(s) for newspaper articles
Government Document
• This is an example of a Government
Document where the Author & the
Publisher are the same
• Statistics Canada. (2003). Child and
spousal support, maintenance
enforcement survey statistics. (Cat No.
85-228-XIE). Ottawa, ON: Author.
ONLINE RESOURCES
in your Reference List
How to cite material that you locate
on the Internet
Journal Article from Database
• Kerfoot, K. (2007). Staff engagement: It
starts with the leader. Nursing
Economics, 25(1), 47-48. Retrieved
from Academic Search Premier
database.
• In-text direct quote: (Kerfoot, 2007, p. 47)
• In-text paraphrase: (Kerfoot, 2007)
Journal Article from Database
• Meyer, S. (2007). We need a joined-up
system. Adults Learning, 18(7), 26-27.
Retrieved from Academic Search
Premier database.
• In-text direct quote: (Meyer, 2007, p. 27)
• In-text paraphrase: (Meyer, 2007)
Online Article from Journal
Website
• This refers to articles that are located on
their own websites; NOT in the Article
Indexes & Databases
• In-text, see Print Examples
Online Article from Journal
Website
• If downloading & citing PDF copy:
• Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your
patients avoid counterfeit medicines.
Family Practice Management, 14(3),
33-35. Retrieved from
http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33
help.pdf
Online Article from Journal
Website
• If citing HTML full-text:
• Teichman, P.G. (2007). Helping your
patients avoid counterfeit medicines. Family
Practice Management, 14(3), (n.p.).
Retrieved from
http://www.aafp.org/fpm/20070300/33
help.html
• (note: no pages included on HTML document)
Online Article – No Pagination
• Koenigsberg, M.R., Bartlett, D., & Cramer,
J.S. (2004). Facilitating treatment
adherence with lifestyle changes in
diabetes. American Family Physician,
69(2), (n.p.). Retrieved from
http://www.aafp.org/afp/20040115/309.
html
Online Article – No Pagination
continued
• In-text direct quote: (Fredrickson, 2000, ¶5)
OR (Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section, para
1)
• In-text paraphrase: (Fredrickson, 2000) OR
(Fredrickson, 2000, Conclusion section)
• (note: you may use page number, paragraph
number, or heading title depending on the format
of the document –e.g. HTML or PDF)
Online Government Document
• Canada. Citizen and Immigration Canada.
(2007, March 31). Visiting Canada.
Retrieved from
http://www.cic.gc.ca/english/visit/
index.asp
(note: if the Agency is well-known, it
is not necessary to add Canada before
the Agency name)
Online Gov’t Document cont’d
• In-text direct quote: (Canada. Citizen and
Immigration Canada, 2007, para. 2)
• In-text paraphrase: (Canada. Citizen and
Immigration Canada, 2007)
Document retrieved from
website
• United Nations Development Program.
(2002). Human development
report. Retrieved from
http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2002/
en/
• In-text direct quote: (UNDP, 2002, p. 54)
• In-text paraphrase: (UNDP, 2002)
Document Retrieved from
Website
• United Nations Development Program.
(2007). Annual report. Retrieved from
http://www.undp.org/publications/
annualreport2007/
Entire Website
• If you refer to an entire website, you only need to
give the URL directly in the text of your
document
• You do NOT need to include it in your Reference
List
• For example, visit the JIBC website
(http://www.jibc.ca/) for Program and Course
information
• However, if you are referring to specific
documents or sections on a website follow
procedures as listed in previous examples
NOT PRINT? NOT ONLINE?
Here is how to cite those “other”
sources in your Reference List
Videos or DVDs
• Gandy, D. (Producer). (2003). Cardiac
emergencies [Videotape]. Carrollton,
TX: FETN.
• In-text direct quote: (Gandy, 2003)
• In-text paraphrase: (Gandy, 2003)
Radio Broadcast
• Murrow, E. R. (1940, September 13).
[Radio broadcast]. New York: WCBS.
• In-text direct quote: Murrow (1940) “…”
OR “…” (Murrow, 1940)
• In-text paraphrase: Murrow (1940) …
OR ….. (Murrow, 1940)
Video Weblog post
• For example, Youtube videos
• Norton, R. (2006, November 4). How to
train a cat to operate a light switch
[Video file]. Video posted to
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vja
83KLQXZs
• In-text – direct or paraphrase (Norton,
2006)
Listservs
• Refer to as electronic mailing lists
• Booker, M.E. (2007, May 7). Re: APA
Citation. Message posted to the ALA –
Information Literacy ILI-L electronic
mailing list, archived at
http://lists.ala.org/wws/info/ili-l
• If you don’t know where the list is archived,
leave blank
• In-text: (Booker, 2007) or Booker (2007) ….
Blog Posting
• bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The
unfortunate prerequisites and
consequences of partitioning your mind.
Message posted to
http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/
Personal Communications
E-mail, Interviews, Lectures
• Only include as an “in-text” citation
• Will not appear in your Reference List
• Direct quote: “…..” (R.V. Camper, personal
communication, July 19, 2007) …
• Paraphrase: R.V. Camper (personal
communication, July 19, 2007) noted that….