Developmental Wave of Distance Education
Wave 1: Correspondence/Independent Study
Women needing access to
education (Haughey,
2010)
Empathy (Holmberg,
2004)
For profit correspondence
university’s (Holmberg,
2004)
Learner has
conversations with tutor
for assistance (Haughey,
2010)
Mailing print-based
letters back and forth
(Holmberg, 2004)
Holmburg, 2004 /
Haughey, 2010
Independent; more course
choices. Ability to create
student / teacher
relationship
Independent Study
Higher education, college
and university levels
Curriculum can be
individual. Student
takes greater control
over learning process
and can access material
anywhere.
A combination of
analog and digital
communication along
with mass media.
Charles
Wedemeyer
(Moore and
Kearsley, 2012)
(LYH)
Access to education for
all learners – humanist
(Peters, 2010, p. 45);
neglected learners
(Peters, 2004, p. 14);
learners in other
countries (Peters,
2004, p. 15)
Correspondence
Education (Peters,
2004, p. 14)
Correspondence
Schools (Peters, 2004,
p. 14)
No two-way
communication
transformed to limited
two-way
communication
(Peters, 2010, p. 45)
Penny Post and massproduction of printed
materials (Peters, 2010,
p. 45) / by aircraft in
Australia (Peters, 2004,
p. 15)
Otto Peters (CG)
Self-help. Later created an
institution (Pitman, 1837)
Put the information in
the hands of the learner
/ laid the foundation for
successful information
sharing (Free classes,
1895)
Print Distribution,
Phonograph (Free
classes, 1895)
Wanted to teach others
about his shorthand
method (Pitman, 1837)
Correspondence / book
print
Issac Pitman, 1837 /
Free classes, 1895
(LCH)
Contributors: Juliann Frantz (JF), Carla Goodloe (CDG), Lisa Harwell (LYH), LaShonda Henderson (LCH)
Demand
Theories
Systems
Roles
Technologies
Key Authors
References
Wave 1: Correspondence/Independent Study
(LCH)- Free classes in phonography for Brooklyn public school teachers. (1895). Journal of Education, 41(2), 31.
(JF) - Haughey, M. (2010). Teaching and learning in distance education before the digital age. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison, An introduction to distance
education: Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 46-66). New York and London: Routledge.
(JF) - Holmberg, B. (2004, September). The empathy approach to distance education. [Lecture video]. Available from
http://marconi.umuc.edu/ramgen/GSMT/omde/2004holmberg.rm
(LYH) - Moore, M. G. & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. (3rd Ed.).(pp. 214-216). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
(CG)- Peters, O. (2004). Growing importance of distance education in the world. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: New trends and challenges (4th Ed.), (pp.
13-24). Retrieved from http://www.box.com/shared/5x3tpynqqf
(CG) - Peters, O. (2010). The revolutionary impact of distance education. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments and issues, (5th Ed.), (pp. 43-56).
Retrieved from http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct
(LCH)-Pitman. (n.d.). Dictionary.com Unabridged. Retrieved November 11, 2012, from Dictionary.com website: http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Pitman.
Developmental Wave of Distance Education
Wave 2: Systems Approach to Education/Distance Education Institutions
Industrial infrastructure
emergence (Peters, 2010,
p. 11) / Government Need
to improve country’s
economy and workforce
(Peters, 2010, p. 27)
Theory of Industrial
Education / Distance
Education (Peters, 2010,
p. 11)
Business funded-Capitalistic
System (Peters, 2010, p. 45)
/ Single Mode, Dual Mode,
and Open Universities
(Peters, 2010, p. 46)
Two way communication
with support network;
individualized learner
(Peters, 2010, p. 22)
Printing Press (Peters,
2010, p. 12) / Mass
Media: Radio and
Television (Peters,
2010, p. 38) / Small
groups (Peters, 2010,
p. 22)
Otto Peters (CG)
Teachers without degrees
/ Students who left school
but would benefit from
higher education / Self
improvement
Theory of Team
Approach
Open Universities (UK) /
Dialogue, Structured
Courses, Systems Approach
/ Pedagogic Principles
Student-Centered with
Teacher Dialogue
Printed material with
some radio and/or
television , media
conferencing
Tony Bates (2011,
video) (CG)
To make education
accessible outside the
Elitist community (Peters,
2010)
Constructivism
(Jonassen, 1995)
First implemented systems
within existing educational
departments and student
services later broke out to
independent departments
and specialized services
(Miller, 2010)
Moved from
independent learning to
more cooperative effort
with student
involvement in guiding
their own learning
(Jonassen, 1995)
Age of one-way telecommunications with
supporting scheduled
visits to campus for
group study and exams
(Miller, 2010)
Jonassen, 1995 /
Miller, 2010 / Peters,
2010 (JF)
Universities Using the
new DE Models
Provided advice and
support
Responsible for institutional
support
Focused on the role of
the instructor in
delivering material in the
most effective method
using technology
Published Literature
Hawkridge, 1976
(LCH)
Personal change/growth.
Social reform or change
Theory of Progressive
Approach (Nuka, 2008, p.
103)
Open Universities, Virtual,
Course Management
Systems, Asynchronous
technology
Partnership between
student and instructor
Blackboards, web
conferences, online
email and Microsoft
applications (Nuka,
2008, p. 106)
Nuka, 2008
(Referenes Knowles,
Houle, Lindeman, and
Bergevin as authors)
(LYH)
Contributors: Juliann Frantz (JF), Carla Goodloe (CG), Lisa Harwell (LYH), LaShonda Henderson (LCH)
Demand
Theories
Systems
Roles
Technologies
Key Authors
Developmental Wave of Distance Education
Wave 2: Systems Approach to Education/Distance Education Institutions
Competitive job market,
Retraining, and Flexibility
in work/school schedules
(Goessl, 2009); 1800s
reaction against
pedagogical thinking
(Draper, 1998, p. 7); Lack
of skilled workers in postwar era (Krajnc, 2011, p.
28)
Theory of Andragogy
(Knowles, Holton III, and
Swanson, 2005, p. 35-72)
Adult schools (Draper,
1998, p. 6-7); elementary
and secondary school and
colleges (Knowles, Holton
III, and Swanson, 2005, p.
69)
Self-directed learning
with instructor role as
mutual inquiry
(Knowles, Holton III, and
Swanson, 2005, p. 40)
Adult education
centers, corporations
(Knowles, Holton III,
and Swanson, 2005, p.
151); computer based
instruction (Knowles,
Holton III, and
Swanson, 2005, p. 237);
professional
training/workers’
universities (Krajnc,
2011, p. 30-31)
Alexander Kapp
(Draper, 1998, p. 6);
Eduard Lindeman
(Draper, 1998, p. 7)
Malcolm Knowles (CG)
Professional, tutorial or
on-going instruction
provided in a structured
format through written
or audio formats
(Peters, 2006. p.28-31)
Theory of Transactional
Distance (Moore &
Kearsley, 2012, pp.209214)
Correspondence
programs, universities.
(Peters, 2006. pp. 28-31).
Teacher provides
structured instruction
where student can
obtain through
correspondence,
video or written
material (Moore &
Kearsley, 2012.
pp.2009-214)
Electronic email; web,
video and audio
conferencing (Moore &
Kearsley, 2012, pp.
209-214)
Michael G. Moore
(LYH)
Contributors: Juliann Frantz (JF), Carla Goodloe (CG), Lisa Harwell (LYH), LaShonda Henderson (LCH)
Demand
Theories
Systems
Roles
Technologies
Key Authors
References
Wave 2: Systems Approach to Education/Distance Education Institutions
(CG) Bates, A. W. (2011, November). The second wave of distance education and history of the Open University United Kingdom. [Video interview]. Available from
http://vimeo.com/32292234
(CG) – Goessl, L. (2009). Why the demand for adult education is on the rise. Retrieved from http://www.helium.com/items/1455635-why-the-demand-for-adulteducation-is-increasing-on-the-rise
(LCH)-Hawkridge, D. G. (1976). British and American Approaches to Evaluative Studies in Education. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 4(1), 55-70. doi: 10.1016/0191491X(78)90022-6
(JF) - Jonassen, D., Davidson, M., Collins, M., Campbell, J., & Bannan Haag, B. (1995). Constructivism and computer-mediated communication in distance
education. The American Journal of Distance Education, 9(2), 7-26.
(CG) – Knowles, M. S., Holton III, E. F., & Swanson, R. A. (2005). The Adult Learner (6th Ed.). Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/59734837/4/A-Theory-of-AdultLearning-Andragogy
(CG) – Krajnc, A. (2011, June). The study of andragogy and education of andragogues. Andragosk Spaznanja: The Andragogic Perspectives, (2), 28-43.
(JF) - Miller, G. E. (2010). Organization and technology of distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education:
Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 26-45). New York & London: Routledge.
(LYH) - Nuka, H. (2008). Understanding e-learning technologies-in-practice through philosophies-in-practice. In T. Anderson & F. Elloumi (Eds.), Theory and practice of
online learning. (2nd Ed.), (pp. 91-118). Retrieved from http://cde.athabascau.ca/online_book/second_edition.html
(JF / CG)- Peters, O. (2010). The theory of the “most industrialized education”. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments and issues, (5th Ed.),
(pp. 11-32). Retrieved from from http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct
(CG)- Peters, O. (2010). The iceberg has not yet melted: Further reflections on the concept of industrialization and distance teaching. In O. Peters, Distance education in
transition: Developments and issues, (5th Ed.), (pp. 33-42). Retrieved from from http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct
Developmental Wave of Distance Education
Wave 3: Internet/Web-based
Need for knowledgecentered learning (Swan,
2010)
Community of Inquiry or
collaborative
constructivism (Swan,
2010)
E-learning and online
learning (Anderson, 2003)
High level of interaction
between instructor,
learner and content.
(Simonson et al 1999)
Equivalency Theory
(Simonson et al. 1999)
Computer Assisted
Instruction (CAI);
Computer mediated
conferencing (CMC).
(Moore & Kearsley 2012)
Flexibility for students
and improved learning
outcomes (Vaughan,
2010, p. 166-168)
Blended Learning
(Vaughan, 2010, p. 165)
Equitable access to
learning and training. .
According to Garrison,
using the three elements
of Cognitive, Social and
Teaching Presence of the
Community of Inquiry, all
involved in the process
must have easy access to
materials. (Garrison,
Anderson, & Archer, 2000,
p. 2)
Teaching and learning
behaviors executed apart
are now integrated
through Learning
Management Systems.
Community of Inquiry
(Garrison, Anderson, &
Archer, 2000, p. 2)
Modes of interaction:
student-content,
student-teacher, and
student-student
(Anderson, 2003)
Internet, webconferencing, digitized
media (Peters, 2010)
Anderson, 2003 /
Swan, 2010 / Peters,
2010 (JF)
Instructor-learner;
learner-learner; learnercontent. Collaboration
and dialogue between
groups create knowledge
transfer (Simonson et al
1999)
VoIP, analog and digital
telecommunications,
Internet, virtual servers,
mobile devices
Simonson, 1999 /
Moore and Kearsley,
2012 (LYH)
Asynchronous and
synchronous systems mixed
for learning (Vaughan,
2010, p. 166)
Enhanced studentteacher interaction
(Vaughan, 2010, p. 171)
Computer and Web
based applications
infused with face-toface environments
(Vaughan, 2010, p.
165) / TV, radio, film,
audio, video, CD (Clark,
2003, p. 7)
Randy Garrison and
Norman Vaughan /
Donald Clark (CG)
Institutional (K12/HiEd)
and labor force. Corporate
Universities Graduate
School USA,
homeschooling, K-12
online learning Keystone
School, and for-profits
University of Phoenix
Instructors manage and
evaluate content,
monitor student
progress, provide learner
support, and evaluate
course effectiveness
(Moore and Kearsley,
2012 p. 211-213)
Multi-media and webbased; Learning
management systems
(LMS) are introduced
to meet the need
Moore and Kearsley,
2012, Garrison, D. R.,
Anderson, T., &
Archer, W. 2000 (LCH)
Contributors: Juliann Frantz (JF), Carla Goodloe (CG), Lisa Harwell (LYH), LaShonda Henderson (LCH)
Demand
Theories
Systems
Roles
Technologies
Key Authors
References
Wave 3: Internet/Web-based
(JF) - Anderson, T. (2003). Getting the mix right again: An updated and theoretical rationale for interaction. International Review of Research in Open and Distance
Learning (IRRODL), 4(2). Retrieved from http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/149/230
(CG) – Anderson, T. and Dron, J. (2011, March). Three generations of distance education pedagogy. International Review of Research in Open and Distance Learning,
12(3), 80-97.
(CG) – Clark, D. (2003). Blended learning. Brighton, England: Epic Group. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/84278560/Clark-D-Blended-Learning
(LCH) - Garrison, D. R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2000). Critical inquiry in a text-based environment: Computer conferencing in higher education. The Internet and
Higher Education, 2(2-3), 87-105. Retrieved from http://communitiesofinquiry.com/sites/communityofinquiry.com/files/Critical_Inquiry_model.pdf
(LCH/LYH) - Moore, M.G. & Kearsley, G. (2012). Distance education: A systems view of online learning. (3rd Ed.) (pp.211-216). USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.
(JF) - Peters, O. (2010). The theory of the “most industrialized education”. In O. Peters, Distance education in transition: Developments and issues, (5th Ed.), (pp. 11-32).
Retrieved from http://www.box.com/shared/ktx7ipccetotqrr11mct
(LYH) - Simonson, M., Schlosser, C., & Hanson, D. (1999). Theory and distance education. A new discussion. The American Journal of Distance Education, 13(1), 60-75.
Retrieved from http://www.box.com/shared/8cln2nhqm5
(JF) - Swan, K. (2010). Teaching and learning in post-industrial distance education. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education:
Understanding teaching and learning in a new era (pp. 108-134). New York & London: Routledge.
(CG) - Vaughan, N. D. (2010). Blended learning. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and
learning in a new era (pp. 165-178). New York & London: Routledge.
Developmental Wave of Distance Education
Current Trends
Integrate online virtual
experiences with offline
real world (Mejias, 2005)
Pedagogy of Nearness
(blending learning)
(Anderson, 2010)
Incorporates real life
experiences with the
learning process (Hase
& Kenyon 2000)
Pedagogy of
Heutagogy (selfdetermined learning)
(Hase & Kenyon 2000)
Social challenges require
new form of learning,
global environments, and
demand for competencies
in learning not
knowledge acquisition
(Steinert and Ehlers,
2010, p. 1-2); Half-life of
knowledge and Digital
Age (Siemens, 2004)
Connectivism – aspect
of connecting to others
for mutual learning
(About) (Anderson and
Dron, 2011, p. 87)
Using E-Learning to shift
the way information is
distributed to students.
Information is moving to
a Cloud format. This easy
access causes the need
for inhouse technology
costs to be reduced.
(Abdullah, A., Ahmed, Y.,
& Ahmed, E. 2012)
Hybrid Pedagogy of
Technology
Forced connections
between distance learning
and physical learning
environments (Mejias,
2005)
Learner must view online
and offline experiences as
one reality (Mejias, 2005)
Any combination of
online or face-to-face
communication (Mejias,
2005)
Mejias (Anderson,
2010) (JF)
Flexible learning
environments that
consist of universities,
professional
development (Hase &
Kenyon 2000)
Learner’s experiences
attribute to their learning and
the instructor’s role is more
of a coach who helps
facilitates the transfer of
skills and knowledge (Hase &
Stewart 2007)
Flexible and blending
learning environments
consisting of e-learning,
F2F workshops and
traditional classroom
(LYH) (Ashton & Newman
2006)
Hase and Kenyon
(Hase & Kenyon
2000) (LYH)
Internet; Networks
(Siemens, 2004) Computer
and Web based Learning
Management Systems
Student led learning, students as
organizers (Steinert and Ehlers,
2010, p. 5); student as teacher
(Downes, 2012, p. 47) “ActorNetwork” (student-content);
teacher is “role model” and
motivator “learner role to find
and apply knowledge”
(Anderson and Dron, 2011, p.
87-90)
eLearning 2.0 (Steinert
and Ehlers, 2010); Social
Networking (Siemens,
2004); MOOCs (Downes,
2012, p. 53) “Interactive
technology such as web,
video, audio,
conferencing “ (Anderson
and Dron, 2011, p. 81)
George Siemens
and Steven Downs
(CG)
"Network servers,
applications, platforms,
infrastructure segments
and services." (Abdullah,
A., Ahmed, Y., & Ahmed, E.
2012)
"Learning Management Systems
(LMS) as an online system that
allows users to share
information and collaborate
online"The Student, Teacher and
institution have access through
technology to exclusive costly
information. Driving down costs
of literature. (Abdullah, A.,
Ahmed, Y., & Ahmed, E. 2012)
Amazon Cloud,Box.net,
ATT, IBM Cloud Academy
(Abdullah, A., Ahmed, Y.,
& Ahmed, E. 2012)
Abdullah A.,
Ahmed, Y., &
Ahmed, E. 2012
(LCH)
Contributors: Juliann Frantz (JF), Carla Goodloe (CG), Lisa Harwell (LYH), LaShonda Henderson (LCH)
Demand
Theories
Systems
Roles
Technologies
Key Authors
References
Current Trends
(CG) - About. Description of Connectivism. Retrieved from http://connectivism.ca/about.html
(LCH) - Abdullah, A., Ahmed, Y., & Ahmed, E. (2012). A NEW TREND FOR E-LEARNING IN KSA USING EDUCATIONAL CLOUDS. Advanced Computing : An International
Journal, (1), 81. Retrieved online from http://airccse.org/journal/acij/papers/0112acij07.pdf .
(JF) - Anderson, T. (2010). Theories for learning with emerging technologies. In G. Veletsianos (Ed.), Emerging technologies in distance education (pp. 23-40).
Canada: Athabasca University Press. Retrieved from
http://www.aupress.ca/books/120177/ebook/99Z_Veletsianos_2010Emerging_Technologies_in_Distance_Education.pdf
(LYH) – Ashton, J., & Newman, L. (2006). An Unfinished Symphony: 21st Century Teacher Education Using Knowledge Creating Heutagogies. British Journal of
Educational Technology, 37(6), 825-840.
(CG) - Downes, S. (2012, May). Connectivism and connective knowledge. National Research Council Canada, 1-616. Retrieved from
http://www.downes.ca/files/books/Connective_Knowledge-19May2012.pdf
(JF) - Mejias, Ulises A. (2005) Re–approaching nearness: Online communication and its place in praxis. First Monday, 10(3-7). Retrieved from
http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/rt/printerFriendly/1213/1133
(LYH) – Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. (2000). From andragogy to heutagogy. In UltiBase Articles. Retrieved from: http://pandora.nla.gov.au/nphwb/20010220130000/http://ultibase.rmit.edu.au/Articles/dec00/hase2.htm
(LYH) – Hase, S., & Kenyon, C. (2007). Heutagogy: A Child of Complexity Theory. Complicity: An International Journal of Complexity & Education, 4(1), 111-117.
(CG) - Siemens, G. (2004). Connectivism: A learning theory for the digital age. elearnspace.com. Retrieved
from http://www.elearnspace.org/Articles/connectivism.htm
(CG) - Steinert, A. & Ehlers, U. (2010, February). ConnectLearning – an answer for the new challenges. eLearning Papers, 18, 1-13. Retrieved from
http://www.elearningeuropa.info/en/article/ConnectLearning-%E2%80%93-an-answer-for-the-new-challenges%3F
(JH) - Vaughan, N. D. (2010). Blended learning. In M. F. Cleveland-Innes & D. R. Garrison (Eds.), An introduction to distance education: Understanding teaching and
learning in a new era (pp. 165-178). New York & London: Routledge.