Dr. Nicole Seng Lai Giea
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BSE
Hendra virus
Nipah virus
Menangle viral infection
SARS
RVF ( never seen outside Africa before 2000,
outbreaks in Arabian peninsula in 2000)
HPAI
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Rabies
JE
Nipah virus
Brucellosis
Contagious ecthyma
Meliodosis
tuberculosis
Leptospirosis
Toxoplasmosis
Salmonellosis
Staphylococcal infection
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Ornithosis
Cat scratch disease
Dermatomycosis
Erysipelothrix
Campylobacteriosis
Dirofilariosis
Sporothrichosis
Q-fever
influenza
monkeypox
Human
health
Veterinary
medicine
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Veterinary
public
health
Is seen by WHO “ as a linkage between
veterinary medicine and human health
Aim: promote the well being, protect and
improve the quality of life
 “ the contribution to the
complete physical, mental and
social well being of humans
through an understanding and
application of veterinary medical
science ”(WHO, 1999)
Transportation & Working activities
Recreation
Food production
Animal products
eg: clothing
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Those infections which are naturally
transmitted between vertebrate animal and
man
Animals act as reservoir for causative agents
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Affect well-being of man – morbidity,
mortality, and anxiety
Loss of animals—dead, culled, destroyed
Loss of productivity – prevent eficient
production of food
Obstacles to international trade in animals
and animal products
A zoonotic disease maintained in nature
primarily by animal to animal transmission of
the infectious agent
 rabies
 bovine tuberculosis
 cat scratch disease
 brucellosis
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• an infectious disease in which a disease causing
agent carried by humans is transferred to other
animals
• It may cause the same disease or a different
disease in other animals
• It can also be defined as a human-to-human
infection with no animal vector
the zoonoses
include infectionn
transmitted from
humans to animals
 human tuberculosis
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zoonotic disease maintained in nature both
by animal to animal and human to human
transmission
 staphylococcosis,
 streptococcosis,
 influenza
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1. Direct zoonoses
 Require one vertebrate species to propagate
V1 ---------------------V1
 No developmental change or propagation of the
organism occurs during the transmission
 eg: rabies, brucellosis
2. Cyclozoonosis
 Require at least two (2) vertebrate species, no
invertebrate species
V1----------V2----------V1
 eg: taeniasis,
3. Metazoonosis
 Require a vertebrate and an invertebrate species ,
agents multiplies and/or develops in an invertebrate
host before transmission
V1---------iv---------V1
 eg: babesiosis
4. Saprozoonosis
 Requires a vertebrate species and an in inanimate
object or a non-animal development site such as
plants, soil, and foods
V1---------O---------V1
 Mycotic diseases
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Infectious agents
Reservoirs
Portal of entry
Mode of transmission
Host immunity
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Infectious agents: an organism that is capable of producing infection
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Infection: entry, development or multiplication of an infectious agent in
the body of man or animals, the result may be inapparent (subclinical) or
shows clinical manifestation (infectious disease)
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Inapparent infection: the presence of infection in the host without
recognizable clinical signs or symptoms, they are usually detected
through diagnostic test (host=carrier)
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Infectious disease: a clinical manifest disease o man or animal resulting
from an infection
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Communicable disease: an infectious disease transmissible
（as from person to person) by direct contact with an affected individual’s
discharges or by direct means (as by a vector)
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Contagious disease : an infectious disease communicable by contact with
one who has it, with a bodily discharge of such a patient, or with an
object touched by such a patient or bodily discharge (indrect means)
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Bactria--anthrax, brucellosis
Virus—rabies and influenza
Parasit--Cysticercosis/Taeniasis
Rickettsia
Fungus--sporotrichosis.
Chlamydia--psittacosis
Prion -- variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
(vCJD)
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Direct
Indirect
Air-borne
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a.
b.
Direct transmission:
immediate transfer of an organism to
receptive portal of entry in man through
which infection may take place
Direct contact– touching, biting, scratching
Direct projection – projection of droplet
spray onto conjunctiva or mucous
membrane or mouth
Indirect transmission:
transmission of infectious organism from the
source/reservoir through contaminated materials or
objects or vectors
a. vehicle-borne – by any non-living(inanimate)
or objects (fomites) which serves as intermediate
means by which the organism are transmitted to
susceptible host
b. vector-borne- by living arthropod, such as insects ,
mites, ticks, fleas which transmit the infective form
of agent to susceptible host
b. I mechanical host
b. II biological host
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Mechanical host:
Infectious agents are carried through its soiled
feet or proboscis or by the passages o the agents
in the GIT
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Biological host:
Infectious agents undergo propagation/
multiplication ,cyclic development or a
combination to become infective forms before
they are transmitted
Dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable
portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract
 Microbial aerosols
 suspensions of particles in the air or a long
periods of time
 consisting of partially or wholly of
microorganisms, some retaining and other
losing virulence
 Small size (1-5µm) are easily drawn into the
alveoli
a. Droplet nuclei
b. dust
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Is the normal habitat in which the infectious
agent lives, multiplies and grows that can be
transmitted to a susceptible host
 Types of carrier
 Inapparent carrier
 Incubatory carrier
 Convalescent carrier
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Six portals in the body
 Respiratory tract
 Conjunctiva
 Urogenital tract
 GIT
 Skin (intact, broken, abraded)
 placenta
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Beneficial or
hazardous??
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Control and prevention of zoonoses
Safety of foods of animal origins
Disposal of animal waste
Comparative medicine
Laboratory animal
Hazardous/toxic animal
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Diagnosis, surveillance, epidemiology, control,
prevention and elimination of zoonoses
Food protection,meat inspectation
Management of health aspects of laboratory animal
facilities and diagnostic laboratories
Biomedical research
Health education and extension; and production and
control of biological products and medical devices
Other VPH core domains may include management
of domestic and wild animal populations, protection
of drinking-water and the environment, and
management of public health emergencies
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We, the Vets, through our remit to facilitate
and encourage veterinary development and
services, we can improve the health and
welfare of both human and animals