1 The University of Texas at Arlington School of Social Work AGING IN AMERICAN SOCIETY SOCW 6333 - 001 Fall 2012 Instructor: Gail Adorno, PhD, LCSW, ACSW Office: SOCW Complex Bldg. A Rm. 208E Email: gfadorno@uta.edu Office Hours: Thursdays 3:30 - 5:30 p.m. and by appointment Time/Place of Class: Tuesdays 2:00 – 4:50 p.m., Preston Hall, Rm. 202 Graduate Catalog Course Description: Explores the elderly population in American society, includes discussion of social gerontology, a description of the aged in the United States and across cultures. Changes among the elderly such as health, finances and social roles are studied. Detailed Course Description This course is designed to give students an overview of many aspects of the aging process from the demographics to health care delivery. Social workers, physicians, nurses, nutritionists, public health, and other health care professionals will encounter aging clients and issues related to aging in most settings in which they work. This course will focus principally on the issues and problems of aging and on the social policies and programs that most directly affect older persons and their families. This course is designed to provide students with an awareness of the contributions of the disciplines to gerontology, to provide core information on gerontology, to explore theories and principles of gerontology, and to provide an understanding of the impact of an aging society. Educational Objectives Addressed: SOCW6333 addresses the following educational objectives: 1. Demonstrate an understanding of race, gender, sexual orientation, ability, culture, and other client characteristics, in conducting culturally sensitive, competent, and ethical social work practice. 2. This course relates to and advances the program objectives by addressing race, gender, sexual orientation, ability, and culture in assessments of older persons. Student Learning Outcomes: By the end of the semester, students should be able to demonstrate the following knowledge areas in their class assignments, term papers, examinations, and group projects: 1. Demonstrate the basic social, psychological, and biological theories of aging. Syllabus.v.4 2 2. 3. 4. 6. 7. 8. Demonstrate the problems and issues aging in the area of attitudes, stereotypes, and “ageism.” Demonstrate the diversity of aging in terms of gender, class, race, ethnic, and other differences. Describe the problems and issues of aging in the area of health, mental health, family and social support, long-term care, and service utilization. Apply skills in analyzing gerontological issues. Demonstrate critical analysis of the impact of social programs that bear special importance for older women and older persons of color. Apply skills in assessing indicators of normal aging and recognition of pathology as well as skills in assessing social and cultural differences in the elderly people. Prerequisites for this course Completion of SOCW 5301, and SOCW 5317 Required Textbook: Hooyman, N.R., & Kiyak, H.A. (2011). Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective. (9th ed.). New York: Allyn & Bacon. Expectations for Out-of-Class Study: Beyond the time required to attend each class meeting, students enrolled in this course should expect to spend at least an additional 9 hours per week of their own time in course-related activities, including reading required materials, completing assignments, preparing for exams, etc. This estimation is based on a general rule that for every credit hour earned a student should spend 3 hours per week working outside of class. Assignments: Assignments are due in Bb unless otherwise specified by the instructor. You are responsible for submitting your assignment on time. Late assignments will receive a reduction from the final grade. Grading Assignments Exam I Exam II Scrapbook/Journal/Essay Aging Topics Paper/Presentation Total Syllabus.v.4 Value 20% 25% 20% 35% 100% 3 ASSIGNMENTS: Examinations (Exam I: 20 pts 09/25/12 , Exam II: 25 pts 12/04/12): There will be two exams which may include multiple choice, T/F questions, and short answer relying upon the text, class lectures/discussions, visual media, and speaker information. Assignment One: Scrapbook/Journal/Essay (20 pts) Due 10/23/12 This assignment consists of three parts: 1) Scrapbook. During the first half of the semester, collect items from printed media/material, photos, or artwork which serve as examples of cultural treatment of aging and old age. These examples can come from popular magazines, birthday cards, Internet, advertisements, etc. Clip or print the item and save it in a scrapbook, along with your personal reaction to it: write a few lines in the margin which explain why you think the item appears, what it says about aging or old age, how you react to the message personally, and what you can do about the message. You may also include items which you glean from broadcast or visual media (e.g. audio interviews, recordings, song lyrics, you tube video, etc.). Be as creative as you care to be in keeping with the purpose of the assignment. Do make sure that this assignment is compiled in a form in which your instructor can review and grade it. (6pts). 2) Journal. On blank pages in your scrapbook, record personal entries speaking to the role and experience of aging and old age in your own life; such as personal physical changes, interactions with others, observations of older people in your life, etc. (7pts). 3) Essay. Along with the above materials, write a 4-5 page essay which summarizes what you have learned about aging, old age or ageism AND youth. Does American culture need to change in order to eliminate ageism? If so, how? How did the experience of examining media images of older people affect your personal views on aging? Discuss this exercise's impact on you. Compare your findings with literature on ageism (cite your references using APA 6th edition format). Be prepared to share in class other comments, feelings, and thoughts regarding this exercise. (7pts) Assignment Two: (35 pts) Paper Due 11/06/12 Student pairs will be randomly assigned an aging topic. This assignment involves collaboratively writing a 12 to 15 page paper (excluding cover sheet, references) following APA 6th edition format. Student pairs will develop a substantive outline of their paper. Be sure and run your outline by me to make sure you’re on the right track. One paper per student pair will be uploaded to Bb by the assignment deadline (11/06). Late papers will be marked down. Student pairs will also present a brief, concise summary of their findings to the class and respond to questions from classmates. Presentation dates will be assigned. Student pairs will receive the same grade for the paper in keeping with the collaborative aspect of the assignment. Syllabus.v.4 4 Examples of information or questions to address in your paper: a description of the aging topic and the population(s) of concern impact on individuals, family, community, and society what contextual factors do you recognize as contributing to your aging topic/issue? what controversies surround your topic? how is this aging topic being addressed at micro and macro levels of practice and policy? where does social justice come into play? where do you find elements of ageism? Empowerment? How does this topic connect with social work practice? What methods from your discipline and other disciplines could be used to address this topic? Grading Standards A Point Scale: 90 – 100 points B Point Scale: 80 – 89.9 points C Point Scale: 70 – 79.9 points D Point Scale: 60 – 69.9 points E Point Scale: less than 60 points Course Outline/Topics and Readings Note: Additional readings will be assigned accordingly throughout the course. Session 1 Topic: Syllabus, Course Overview, The Growth of Gerontology 08/28/2012 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Preface, Ch. 1 Learning outcomes: 1, 2, 3 Session Topic: Physical Aging and Social Consequences 2 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 3 09/04/2012 Learning outcomes: 1 Session Topic: Managing Chronic Disease, Promoting Well-Being in Old Age 3 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 4 09/11/2012 Learning outcomes: 2, 4, 7 Session Topic: Cultural Issues and Social Theories of Aging 4 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 2 & 8 09/18/2012 Learning outcome: 2, 4, 7 Session Topic: Personality, Mental Health, & Aging 5 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 6 09/25/2012 Learning outcomes: 2, 6 Exam I Session Topics: Personality, Mental Health, & Aging continued/Love, Intimacy, & Sexuality 6 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak (2011), Ch. 6, 7 10/02/2012 Learning outcomes: 2 Session Topic: Cognitive Changes with Aging 7 Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 5 10/09/2012 Learning outcomes: 5 Syllabus.v.4 5 Session 8 10/16/2012 Session 9 10/23/2012 ** Session 10 10/30/2012 10/31/12 Session 11 11/06/2012 PAPER DUE Session 12 11/13/2012 Session 13 11/20/2012 Session 14 11/27/2012 Session 15 12/04/2012 Exam II Topic: Cognitive Changes with Aging Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 5 Learning outcome: 2, 4, 5 Topic: The Importance of Social Supports/Informal Caregiving Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 9 & 10 Learning outcomes: 2, 4, 5 ** SCRAPBOOK/JOURNAL/ESSAY DUE Topics: Living Arrangements, Leisure, Activities Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 11 &12 Learning outcomes: 1, 5 LAST DAY TO DROP CLASSES Topics: Death, Dying, Bereavement, and Widowhood, Presentation(s) Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 13 **AGING TOPIC PAPER DUE BY 2 PM. UPLOAD TO Bb ASSIGNMENTS. Learning outcomes: 4, 5 Topic: Resilience: Elders of Color, Older Women, Presentation(s) Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak, Ch. 14 & 15 Learning outcomes: 3, 4, 7 Topic: Social Policy/Social Problems/Social Programs, Presentation(s) Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak (2011), Ch. 16 Learning outcomes: 5, 6 Topic: Health and Long-Term Care Policy and Programs, Presentation(s) Readings: Hooyman & Kiyak (2011), Ch. 17 Learning outcomes: 4 Topic: TYING IT ALL TOGETHER Attendance Policy: Each class missed is equivalent to 3 periods of instruction. Consequently, one missed class is a significant loss of learning. Early and unexcused exits or absences from class will be counted as a full absence for the class period. Up to two absences will be un-penalized. However, each class session, or portion missed, past two will result in one letter grade drop per absence. Expectations 1. Be on time, attend all class sessions, and stay until the completion of the class. 2. Complete reading assignments and be prepared to participate in class discussions and small group activities. 3. All written assignments are due by the beginning of class period of the date specified on the course outline. All assignments are to be posted to Bb. Assignments turned in after the deadline will be marked down. Syllabus.v.4 6 4. All graduate students have ascribed to the NASW code of ethics at admission and are responsible for adhering to standards of professional conduct with colleagues/faculty and elsewhere in the graduate program. 5. Please turn off all cell phones while in class, or the classroom, Laptop computers may be used for taking notes, reviewing readings, looking at Bb course materials. To preserve academic integrity and as a courtesy to student colleagues and the instructor, use of laptops for e-mailing, net surfing, or other purposes is prohibited. Drop Policy: If you choose to drop the class, you have the responsibility to complete the paperwork according to the University’s schedule. Not doing so may result in a failing grade. http://wweb.uta.edu/ses/fao Americans with Disabilities Act: The University of Texas at Arlington is on record as being committed to both the spirit and letter of all federal equal opportunity legislation, including the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). All instructors at UT Arlington are required by law to provide "reasonable accommodations" to students with disabilities, so as not to discriminate on the basis of that disability. Any student requiring an accommodation for this course must provide the instructor with official documentation in the form of a letter certified by the staff in the Office for Students with Disabilities, University Hall 102. Only those students who have officially documented a need for an accommodation will have their request honored. Information regarding diagnostic criteria and policies for obtaining disability-based academic accommodations can be found at www.uta.edu/disability or by calling the Office for Students with Disabilities at (817) 272-3364. Academic Integrity: All students enrolled in this course are expected to adhere to the UT Arlington Honor Code: I pledge, on my honor, to uphold UT Arlington’s tradition of academic integrity, a tradition that values hard work and honest effort in the pursuit of academic excellence. I promise that I will submit only work that I personally create or contribute to group collaborations, and I will appropriately reference any work from other sources. I will follow the highest standards of integrity and uphold the spirit of the Honor Code. Instructors may employ the Honor Code as they see fit in their courses, including (but not limited to) having students acknowledge the honor code as part of an examination or requiring students to incorporate the honor code into any work submitted. Per UT System Regents’ Rule 50101, §2.2, suspected violations of university’s standards for academic integrity (including the Honor Code) will be referred to the Office of Student Conduct. Violators will be disciplined in accordance with University policy, which may result in the student’s suspension or expulsion from the University. Syllabus.v.4 7 Student Support Services Available UT Arlington provides a variety of resources and programs designed to help students develop academic skills, deal with personal situations, and better understand concepts and information related to their courses. Resources include tutoring, major-based learning centers, developmental education, advising and mentoring, personal counseling, and federally funded programs. For individualized referrals, students may visit the reception desk at University College (Ransom Hall), call the Maverick Resource Hotline at 817-272-6107, send a message to resources@uta.edu, or view the information at www.uta.edu/resources. Student Feedback Survey: At the end of each term, students enrolled in classes categorized as lecture, seminar, or laboratory shall be directed to complete a Student Feedback Survey (SFS). Instructions on how to access the SFS for this course will be sent directly to each student through MavMail approximately 10 days before the end of the term. Each student’s feedback enters the SFS database anonymously and is aggregated with that of other students enrolled in the course. UT Arlington’s effort to solicit, gather, tabulate, and publish student feedback is required by state law; students are strongly urged to participate. For more information, visit http://www.uta.edu/sfs. Librarian to Contact: The Social Sciences/Social Work Resource Librarian is John Dillard. His office is in the Social Work Electronic Library (SWEL) located in Building A: Suite 111 of the UTA Social Work Complex at 211 South Cooper Street, Arlington, Texas. He may also be contacted via E-mail: dillard@uta.edu or by Cell phone: (817) 675-8962, or through the SWEL phone: (817) 272-7518. His SWEL office hours are usually: 10:00 am to 6:00 pm, Monday through Thursday. The SWEL web page is linked to the School of Social Work Main Page and through the Central Library web page. The SWEL library contains a number of computer work stations and printing facilities, and resource guides for conducting research. A selected list of articles, books, book chapters, dissertations, videos, and other materials that might be of interest to students looking for information about aging issues may be found online: http://libraries.uta.edu/dillard/subfiles/AgingInAmericanSociety.htm Much of the material listed on this site is either owned by or accessible via the UT Arlington Library and more than half of the items listed are available Full text online to UT Arlington students and faculty. Bibliography: 1. Abramson, J. (1988). Participation of elderly patients in discharge planning: Is selfdetermination a reality? Social Work, 33 (5), 443-448. 2. Albom, M. (2003). Tuesdays with Morrie: An Old Man, a Young Man, and Life's Greatest Lesson. Collingdale, PA: DIANE Publishing Company. 3. Andrews, J. (2001). Witnessing lives. In Working with the Stories of Women’s Lives. Adelaide, Australia: Dulwich Centre Publications. Syllabus.v.4 8 4. Ball, K., Wadley, V., & Roenker, D. (2003). Obstacles to implementing research outcomes in community settings. The Gerontologist, 43, Special Issue I (March), 19-28. 5. Bengston, V.L. (2001). Beyond the nuclear family: The increasing importance of multigenerational bonds. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 63(1), 1-16. 6. Bergeron, L., & Gray, B. (2003). Ethical Dilemmas of Reporting Suspected Elder Abuse. Social Work, 48 (1), 96-106. 7. Bonhote, K., Roamno-Egan, J. & Cornwell, C. (1999). Altruism and creative expression in a long-term older adult psychotherapy group. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 20, 603-617. 8. Brandl, B. & Raymond, J. (1997). Unrecognized Elder Abuse Victims: Older Abused Women. Journal of Case Management, 6(2), 62 - 68. 9. Browne, C. V. (1995). Empowerment in social work practice with older women. Social Work, 40(3), 358-364. 10. Brownell, P. (1997). The application of the Culturagram in cross-cultural practice with elder abuse victims. Journal of Elder Abuse and Neglect, 9(2). 11. Butler, R. N., Lewis, M. I. & Sunderland, T. (1998). Aging and mental health: Positive psychosocial and biomedical Approaches. Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. 12. Capitman, J., Hernandez-Gallegos, W., & Yee, D. (1991). Diversity assessments in aging services. Generations, 15 (4), 73-76. 13. Collins, D., Jordan, C., & Coleman, H. (1999). An Introduction to Family Social Work. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. 14. Conway, P. (1988). Losses and grief in old age. Social Casework, 69, 541-549. 15. Coon, D. W., Rider, K., Gallagher-Thompson, D., & Thompson, L. (1999). Cognitivebehavioral therapy for the treatment of late-life distress. In M. Duffy (Ed.), Handbook of counseling and psychotherapy with older adults (pp. 487-510). New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc. 16. Cox, C. (2002). Empowering African American custodial grandparents. Social Work, 47, 4554. 17. Cox, E.O., & Parsons, R.J. (1994). Empowerment-Oriented Social Work Practice with the Elderly (pp. 9-109). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. 18. Czaja, S.J. & Sharit, J. (2003). Practically relevant research: Capturing real world tasks, environments, and outcomes. The Gerontologist, 43, Special Issue I (March), 9-18. 19. Davey, A., Murphy, M., & Price, S. (2000). The aging family: Dynamics and therapeutic interventions. In W.C. Nichols (Ed.), Handbook of family development and intervention (pp. 235252). New York: Wiley. 20. Dorfman R. A., Lubben, J. E., Mayer-Oakes, A., Atchison, K., Schweitzer, S. O., DeJong, F. J., & Matthias, R. E. (1995). Screening for depression among a well elderly population, Social Work, 40(3), 295-304. 21. Drinka, et al; (1991). NASW Core Social Work Values/ Ethical Responsibilities; ALSAR-Revised format. 22. Farkas, M., Jette, A. M., Tennstedt, S., Haley, S. M., & Quinn V. (2003). Knowledge dissemination and utilization in gerontology: An organizing framework. Gerontologist, 43, 4756. 23. Fast, B., & Chapin, R. (2000). Strength based case management for older adults. Baltimore: Health Professions Press. Syllabus.v.4 9 24. Fast, B., & Chapin, R. (2002). The strengths model with older adults: Critical practice components. In Saleebey, D. (Ed.) The strengths perspective in social work practice (3rd ed., chapter 9). Boston: Allyn & Bacon. 25. Gibson, P. A. (1999). African American grandmothers: New mothers again. Affilia, 14(3), 329-343. 26. Gibson, P. A. (2002). African American grandmothers as caregivers: Answering the call to help their grandchildren. Families in Society, 83(1), 35-43. 27. Green, M. & Piel, J. A. (2002). Theories of human development (chapters 1-2). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 28. Greenberg, J. S. (1995). The other side of caring: Adult children with mental illness as supports to their mothers in later life. Social Work, 40(3), 414-423. 29. Hartman, A., & Laird, J. (1983). Family-Centered Social Work Practice (chapter 15). New York: Free Press. 30. Hepworth, D. H., Rooney, R. H., & Larsen, J. A. (2002). Direct Social Work Practice: Theory and Skills. (6th ed.). Pacific Grove CA: Brooks/Cole, Wadsworth Group. 31. Hooyman, N. R., & Kiyak, H. A. (2001). Social gerontology: A multidisciplinary perspective (6th ed, pp. 454-481, 485-502). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 32. Ivry, J. (1995). Aging in place: The role of geriatric social work. Families in Society, 76(2), 76-85. 33. Johnson, I. M. (1995). Family members’ perceptions of and attitudes toward elder abuse. Families In Society, 76, 220-229. 34. Keigher, S. (2001). Clinical ethics: Living and dying: New challenges for changing times. Health and Social Work 26 (3). 35. Kelly, T. B. (1999). Mutual aid groups with mentally ill older adults. Social Work with Groups, 21(4), 63-80. 36. Kennedy, G. J., & Tanenbaum, S. (2000). Psychotherapy with older adults. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54(3), 386-407. 37. Kirst-Ashman, K. K., & Hull, G. H. (1994). Generalist social work practice with organizations and communities. Chicago: Nelson-Hall Publishers. 38. Kivnick, H. & Murry (2001) Life strengths interview guide: assessing elder clients' strengths. Journal of Gerontological Social Work. 34(4): 7-32. 39. Kropf, N., & Hutchinson, E. (2000). Effective practice with elderly clients. In R. L. Schneider, N. P. Kropf, & A. J. Kisor (Eds.),Gerontological social work - Knowledge, service settings, and special populations (2nd Ed.). Pacific Grove. CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing. 40. Leigh, J. (1998). Communicating cultural competence (chapters 1-5, 12). Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press. 41. Linsk, N. L. (2000). HIV among older adults: Age-specific issues in prevention and treatment. AIDS Reader, 10(7), 430-444. 42. Marino, S. (1991). Selected problems in counseling the elderly. In M. Holosko and M.D. Feit (Eds.), Social work practice with the elderly (pp. 47-74). Toronto: Canadian Scholars Press. 43. McCaslin, R. (1993). An intergenerational congruence model. In P.A. Cowan, D. Field, D.A. Hansen, A. Skolnick, & G.E. Swanson (Eds.), Family, self, and society. Lawrence Erlbaum. 44. McDonald, P. A., & Haney, M. (1997). Counseling the older adult: A training manual in clinical gerontology (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. Syllabus.v.4 10 45. McInnis-Dittrich, K. (2002). Social work with elders: A biopsychosocial approach to assessment and intervention. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 46. Milewskin-Hertlein, K. A. (2001). The use of a social constructed genogram in clinical practice. American Journal of Family Therapy, 29(1), 23-38. 47. Miley, K. K., O’Melia, M., & DuBois, B. (2000). Generalist social work practice: An empowering approach (3rd ed, ch. 3). Boston: Allyn and Bacon. 48. Monahan, D., Greene, V., and Coleman, P. (1992). Caregiver support groups: Factors affecting use of services. Social Work, 37(3), 254-260. 49. Monk, A. (1981). Social work with the aged: Principles of practice. Social Work 26(1), 61-68. 50. Moon. A. (2000). Perceptions of elder abuse among various cultural groups: Similarities and differences. Generations, 24 (2), 75-80. 51. Napeppa, M. J., & Reid, W. J. (1998). Task-centered case management for the elderly: Developing a practice model. Research on Social Work Practice, 8(1), 63-85. 52. Neugarten, B. and Neugarten, D. (1986). Changing meanings of age in the aging society. In A. Pifer and L. Bronte (eds). Our aging society: Paradox and promise. New York: w. W. Norton, 1986. 53. Ogles, B., Lambert, M., & Masters, K. (1996). Assessing outcomes in clinical practice. New York: Allyn and Bacon. 54. Pillemer, K., Czaja, S., Schulz, R., & Stahl, S. M. (2003). Finding the best ways to help: Opportunities and challenges of intervention research on aging. The Gerontologist, 43, Special Issue I (March), 5-8. 55. Power, M., & Maluccio, A. N. (1998). Intergenerational approaches to helping families at risk. Generations, 22(4), 37-42. 56. Reminiscence: An important task for older Americans. Texas Cooperative Extension. Online. Available: http://fcs.tamu.edu/aging/reminiscence.htm 57. Richardson, V. (1992). Service use among urban African-American elderly people. Social Work, 37(1), 47-54. 58. Russell, C. (1999). Interviewing vulnerable old people: Ethical and methodological implications of imaging our subjects. Journal of Aging Studies, 13(4), 403-415. 59. SAGE/SW FDI readings. Trends in Elder Abuse in Domestic Settings. Elder Abuse Information Series No. 2. Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Disorders Fact Sheet. 60. Sheafor, B.W. (2000). Techniques and Guidelines for Social Work Practice (5th ed.). 61. Snyder, L. (2000). Speaking our minds: Personal reflections from individuals with Alzheimer’s. W.H. Freeman & Co. 62. Stevenson, J. L., & Wright, P. S. (1999). Group dynamics. Activities, Adaptation & Aging, 23(3), 139-173. 63. Supiano, K. P. (2001). Forming relationships: The key to creative care management. In Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Campbell, R. (Eds.), The delicate balance: Case Studies in Counseling and Care Management for Older Adults (pp 181-197). Baltimore: Health Professions Press. 64. SWARC (Social Work Aging Resource Center) handouts: meaning in later life, grandparents as caregivers. San Jose State University. Available online: http://www2.sjsu.edu/swarc/students.htm 65. Toseland, R.W. & Rivas, R.F. (1998). Introduction to Group Work Practice 3rd ed (pp.127142). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Syllabus.v.4 11 66. Warner, D. F., & Hayward, M. D. (2002). Race disparities in men’s mortality: The role of childhood social conditions in a process of cumulative disadvantage. Paper presented at the 2002 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Atlanta, GA. Available online: http://www.pstc.brown.edu/hayward02.PDF 67. Williams, E., & Donnelly, J. (2002). Older Americans and AIDS: Some guidelines for prevention. Social Work, 47, 105-113 68. Williams, J. H., Drinka, T. J. K., Greenberg, J. R., Farrell-Holtan, J., Euhardy, R., & Schram, M. (1991). Development and testing of the Assessment of Living Skills and Resources (ALSAR) in elderly community-dwelling veterans. The Gerontologist, 31(1), 84-91. 69. Witkin, S.L. (1999). How “ripened” are you? Social Work, 44(6), 509-511. Syllabus.v.4