I. Overview of Energy Sources
A.
Energy units “primer”
1.
Energy expressed as a finite quantity




Joule (J) = SI unit of energy
British Thermal Unit (Btu) = English unit of
energy
1 Btu is the energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 lbm of water 1° F @ 68° F
1000 J = 1 kJ; 1 Btu = 1.055 kJ
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
A.
Energy units primer




1 calorie is the energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 g of water 1° C @ 15° C
1 calorie (cal) = 4.187 Joules
1 Calorie (nutritionally) = 1000 cal (1 kcal)
1 electron volt (eV) = 1.60 x 10-19 Joule
Mass quantities
1 metric ton (tonne) = 1000 kg
1 domestic ton = 2235 lb
1 short ton - 2000 lb
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
A.
Energy units primer

HUGE numbers are necessary for quantifying
both national and international energy use!
Mega (M)
Giga (G)
Tera (T)
Peta (P)
Exa (E)
1 “quad”
106
109
1012
1015
1018
1015 Btu
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
A.
Energy units primer
2.
Energy expressed as a rate






Rate of energy = energy per unit time = Power
Watt (W) = SI unit of power; 1 W = 1 Joule/sec
1000 Joule/sec = 1 kW
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 1 kW over 1 hour time
(finite amount) = 3600 kJ
Horsepower (hp) = English unit of power; 1 hp =
0.7068 Btu/sec
1 hp = 0.764 kW
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
A.
Energy units primer
3.
Other useful energy quantities




Natural gas: 1 therm = 100,000 Btu = 1 x 105 Btu
= 1.055 x 105 kJ
Air conditioning and refrigeration: 1 ton of
refrigeration = 200 Btu/min = 12,000 Btu/hr
1 ton coal equivalent (tce) = 28 GJ = 28,000 MJ
1 ton oil equivalent (toe) = 42 GJ = 42,000 MJ
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
1.
Crude Oil
What exactly is it??? Complex mixture of
hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are compounds with only
hydrogen and carbon atoms (C & H)
example: C1-C2-C3-C4-C5-C6-C7-C8 = C8 total (+ H’s)

Often called “paraffins” by organic chemists

Elemental composition:


85% Carbon, 14% Hydrogen, 1% other
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
1.
Crude Oil






Complexity comes from a large range of
molecular weights (MW): C27 - C35
Over 500 different HC compounds!
Most crude oil formed about 500 million years
ago
Energy is liberated by breaking of C-H bonds
principally through combustion
Combustion is a chemical reaction which is
technically oxidation: the reaction of oxygen with
a fuel
Average energy density: 42 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
Fossil fuels overview
B.

Specialized products from crude oil
1.
Gasoline (“petrol”)



2.
Still a mixture of hydrocarbons: C4 - C12
On average C8H18 - octane
Average energy density: 44 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne
Diesel fuel




Mixture of hydrocarbons: C8 - C16
On average C12H26 - dodecane
More of an “oil” than gasoline
Average energy density: 45 MJ/kg = GJ/tonne
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
Fossil fuels overview
B.

Emissions from gasoline and diesel






Unburnt hydrocarbons (HC’s)
Nitrogen oxides: NOx
Sulfur oxides: SOx

SO2 + water  Sulfurous acid  “acid rain”
Carbon dioxide: CO2
Ozone: O3
Lead: Pb (earlier times)
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
2.
Natural gas





•
•
•
What exactly is it??? Principally methane: CH4
Elemental composition: 75% C, 25% H
Energy density: 55.1 MJ/kg
Unlike oil, natural gas is a pure compound
Extremely clean fuel: CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + H2O + HEAT
Most valuable of all fossil fuels
LNG = liquified natural gas
•
Cheaper to transport
Closely related fuel gas: Propane: C3H8
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
3.
Coal




What exactly is it??? Mostly carbon (C), but
highly variable: 60% - 92% carbon
Also contains oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, and
nitrogen
Sulfur contamination: results in acid rain; e.g.
coal-fired power plants in NE United States
Average energy density: 30 MJ/kg
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
3.
Coal - chemical composition

Several different forms (actually 8)
1.
2.
Anthracite: “hard coal”
Lignite: “soft coal”
Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen
Sulfur
Anthracite
92%
2.5%
3.75%
1%
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
Lignite
60-75%
17 - 34%
6%
0.5 - 3%
12
I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
4.
Tar Sands and Oil Shale
a.
“Tar sands”






Bitumen coated sand deposits
Deposits can be mined and processed
Oil is extracted with heat and steam
Economical when crude oil >$60 per barrell
Ft. McMurray in Alberta, Canada has some of the
world’s largest deposits
Canada is large exporter to USA (along with regular
crude and natural gas)
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
4.
Tar Sands and Oil Shale
a.
“Oil Shale”





Literally oil impregnated rock (shale)
Somewhat like coal
Also called kerogens
First discovered in NW Colorado - “burnable rock”
Expensive to extract and environmentally problematic huge strip mines
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
B.
Fossil fuels overview
Summary of fossil fuels energy density:
Crude Oil: 42 MJ/kg
2. Natural Gas: 55 MJ/kg
3. Coal: 28 MJ/kg
_____________________
1. Wood ???
1.
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
1.
World energy
2005 Global energy consumption: 463 Quads =
488.5 EJ
Average of 72.6 million Btu/person/year
However,





Developed countries: >150 Btu/person/year
Developing countries: < 40 Btu/person/year
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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Projected World Supplies
1993
100
80
Solar, W ind
Geothermal
World Energy Demand
Coal
Natural
Gas
Crude Oil
20
1900
Nuclear Electric
Decreasing
Fossil Fuels
Billion
Barrels
of Oil
Equivalent 60
per Year
(GBOE)
40
100 BILLION
BARRELS
1920
1940
1960
1980
2000
2020
2040
2009=NOW
PSE 201 Lecture 6
tar sands; oil shale
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
New Technologies
Hydroelectric
2060
2080
after Edwards,
AAPG 8/97
3000
024839-2
17
17
I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
1.



World energy
Large international disparity in energy
availability and use! “haves” and “have nots”
KEY POINT: expected large (exponential)
population increases in “developing” countries
will place a large strain on energy supply in the
future
Energy efficiency of “developing” countries lags
far behind N. America and Europe
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
19
Crude Oil Prices: 1970 - 2000
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
20
Crude Oil Prices 1860 - 1996
$100+
Crude Oil Prices 1860 - 1996
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
2008
0
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
2.





US energy
2005 US energy consumption: 100 quads = 106
EJ
This is about 22% of global energy consumption
Average of 340 million Btu/person/year
However, US has < 5% of world’s population!
Large reason for our extremely high standard of
living…
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
US energy
Example:
2.

United States: 9470 kWh/person/year
vs.

Germany: 3270 kWh/person/year

Clearly, US per capita energy usage not
necessary for a high standard of living…
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
Key energy consumption quantities:
1.
Energy Intensity = Energy Units
$ GDP


2.

High = low energy use efficiency (e.g. Africa)
 use efficiency (e.g. US)
Low = high energy
Energy per capita =
Energy Units
Population
Strongly affected by energy efficiency

PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
2.






US energy - crude oil
US crude oil production:
1970: 9.6 MM bpd
2006: 5.1 MM bpd
NOW, 2/3 of all crude oil is imported
2005: 20.8 MM bpd
Canada, Middle East, Mexico,Venezuela
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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I. Overview of Energy Sources
C.
Energy consumption and supply
2.



US energy - transportation
70% of all oil in US is used for
transportation purposes
Some relief expected due to growing
biofuels availability and hybrid and
electric cars
Petroleum will continue to be the
dominant source of transportation fuels
for next 20-30 years
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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II. World Energy Consumption and
Supply
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
30
II. World Energy Consumption and
Supply
US Electricity Generation
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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III. Renewable Energy Sources Overview
A.
Solar-derived sources
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Direct solar heating and electricity
generation
Biomass energy - fuel value of biomass
Wind power - solar heating of atmosphere
Hydroelectric power - solar origin of weather
and rainfall
Tidal energy - gravitational effect of sun (and
moon)
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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III. Renewable Energy Sources Overview
B.
Non-solar derived sources
1.
Geothermal energy - heat from earth’s core
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
33
Other Energy Sources
Nuclear power
C.



Environmental and safety issues, but most
efficient, non-polluting, and essentially
inexhaustible source of large-scale power
generation
Neither solar, geothermal, or fossil fuel
derived source
Energy contained within atoms - fission and
fusion
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
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Other Energy Sources
Nuclear power
C.



80% of electricity generation in France is
nuclear
20% of electricity generation in US is
nuclear
Building consensus that nuclear power must
be a more significant part of US electricity
generation for the future - renewables “can’t
do it all”
PSE 104 Section 2: Lecture 1
35