Ms. Areces World History Chapter 6 Guided Notes Ancient Rome and the Rise of Christianity Section 1: The Roman World Takes Shape Geography and the Peoples of Italy Italian peninsula looks like a _________________________ o In the middle of the _________________________________________________ o Rome is in the _____________________________________________________ o This location ____________________________ with Roman expansion The geography of Italy made it _________________________________ o Apennine Mountains are ________________________________________—run down the back of Italy o Broad, fertile plains in the ______________________ under the shadow of the Alps; and in the ___________________, where the Romans first settled These plains helped support the __________________________________ Roman ancestors = __________________________ o Migrated to Italy around 800 BC o Settled along the Tiber River in small villages scattered throughout 7 low hills _______________________ and _______________________ The Romans shared the Italian Peninsula with: o ________________________ who lived in city-states towards the south o ________________________ who lived north of Rome and even controlled it at one point Romans learned a lot from the Etruscans like the Greek alphabet, using the arch in building, draining marshes, and religious deities The Roman Republic __________________________: the founding of the Roman state o This is when they drove out the Etruscan ruler They set up a new government which some officials were chosen by the people o It was called a ____________________________, “thing of the people” o They believed that this would keep any individual from gaining power The most powerful governing body was the _________________________ o Members were patricians—members of the _________________________________________________________________ o They served for ____________________ o They made the ____________________ The senators elected _____________________________ to supervise the business of government and command armies o They could only serve __________________________________ o Expected to consult with the senate Ms. Areces World History o This worked as system of _____________________ on the power of government If a war broke out, the senate could choose a _____________________________—ruler who has complete control over a government o He could rule for _________________________, but then had to ____________________________________________________ o Prime example = Cincinnatus; because he organized an army, led the Romans to victory over the enemy, attended victory celebrations, and returned to farmlands He did all of this within 16 days! ____________________________________ made up a bulk of the population o Farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders o They had _______________________________ influence o But they shaped the early republic by trying to gain power in politics 450 BC: ______________________________________________ when the government had the laws of Rome inscribed on 12 tablets and set up in the Forum (marketplace) o This is because the plebeians had been complaining that they could not follow the laws if they were not written down somewhere o ______________________________________________________ made it possible for plebeians to appeal a judgment handed down by a patrician judge Eventually, plebeians gained the right to elect their own officials (______________________) to protect their interests o The tribunes could _____________________ laws that were harmful to plebeians Slowly but surely, plebeians gained the right to ____________________________, ___________________________________, and finally ________________________________________________ themselves o The best part was that they did this without having to resort to _____________ or ___________________________________ Roman Society The _______________________ was the basic unit of Roman society o The male head of household (usually the father) had __________________________________________ in the family, according to Roman law Enforced strict discipline and demanded total respect o The Roman woman was a __________________________ to her husband and was not allowed to control her own affairs Ideally, she was loving, dutiful, dignified, and strong But Roman women played a ______________________ role in society compared to the Greeks o Later on, Roman women from all classes would run a variety of businesses— small shops to major shipyards o But most women ___________________________________________ They gained greater freedom and influence over the centuries Ms. Areces World History o Ex: patrician women went to public baths, dined out, and attended the theater or other public entertainments with their husbands o Some women even exercised highly visible public roles and significant political influence (Livia and Agrippina the Younger) ___________________________________________ learned to read and write Even _________________________________ Romans were taught to write o Evidence from the jokes and other graffiti that archaeologists have found scrawled on city walls Wealthy Romans hired private tutors (often Greeks) to educate their children o Children _________________________________________________ and developments in Roman history o _____________________ was important for boys who wanted a career in politics Roman gods and goddesses had similarities to those of the Etruscans and Greeks o Instead of Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, and AresJupiter, Juno, Neptune, Mars Religious festivals promoted a _______________________________________________ Expansion in Italy Around 270 BC: Rome ____________________________ most of the Italian peninsula Success was due to ______________________________________ and its loyal, ______________________________________________________ o The basic military unit was the ________________, made up of about 5,000 men o Roman armies consisted of ___________________________________ who fought without pay and supplied their own weapons o They were good soldiers because they were brought up to value ______________________, ____________________________, and _____________________________________________________ o Commanders gave a mix of ___________________ and ___________________________________________________ Ex: young soldiers who showed courage were rewarded with praise and gifts Ex: if a unit fled from battle, they were punished by killing 1 out of every 10 soldiers Rome usually treated defeated enemies __________________________ o ____________________________________ had to acknowledge Roman leadership, pay taxes, and supply soldiers to the Roman army o Rome _________________________________________ their own customs, money, and local government o Rome gave the highly prized right of ___________________________________ to a few privileged groups Other could become partial citizens (allowed to marry Romans and carry trade with Rome) o Because of all this, many of the conquered remained ___________________ to Rome Ms. Areces World History Rome posted soldiers throughout the land to ___________________________________ It also built a __________________________________________ to link the territories As trade and travel increased, local peoples incorporated Latin into their languages and adopted many Roman beliefs and customs Slowly, Italy was _________________________________________________________