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History of Air transportation
Lighter than air
Hot air balloons
Air paths
Components/physics of an airplane
Helicopters
Impact of avaition
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Aircraft are air transportation vehicles. They
include lighter-than-air or heavier-than-air
aircraft.
Lighter-than-air – balloons, blimps, dirigibles.
Heavier-than-air – airplanes, helicopters,
gliders.
Aviation is the term used to describe all air
transportation activities.
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400 BC -- Kites flown in China.
300 – 200 BC -- Archimedes: "Bodies submerged into a fluid receive from
it a lifting force which is equal to the mass of the displaced fluid."
1783 -- Joseph and Etienne Montgolfier designed the first successful
flying craft hot air balloon across Paris.
1853 -- George Cayley’s ‘New Flyer’ takes his footman across Brompton
Dale in the first man-carrying glider.
1900 -- ZEPPELIN was the name given to the duralumin-internal-framed,
dirigibles invented by the persistent Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin. The
LZ1 made its initial flight from a floating hangar on Lake Constance, near
Friedrichshafen in Southern Germany.
1903 -- On December 17, the world's first successful airplane known as
the Flyer I accelerated along its launching rail and flew through the air –
the Wright brothers.
1907 -- The French pioneer Paul Cornu lifted a twin-rotored helicopter
into the air entirely without assistance from the ground for a few
seconds.
The Montgolfier brothers,
Etienne and Joseph,
invented the hot-air
balloon in 1783. The first
launching took place in
Paris on June 5, with an
unmanned (but a duck)
spherical balloon that
traveled 1 1/2 miles in 10
minutes, reaching an
altitude of about 6,000
feet.
First Flight, December 17, 1903
Airborne – 12 seconds.
Twelve seconds later it landed
100 yards away on the soft sand
at Kill Devil Hills near Kitty
Hawk, North Carolina. The pilot
Orville and his brother Wilbur
had experimented for four years
with kites and engines to make
the first successful flight ever.
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1918 – U.S. starts Air Mail service.
1927 -- Charles Lindbergh completed the first transatlantic flight.
1928 -- Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly solo across the
Atlantic.
1936 – The Hindenburg was the world's first transatlantic
commercial airliner with a length of 245 meters (804 ft) and a
utmost diameter of 41 meters (135 ft).
1947 -- Chuck Yeager broke the sound barrier.
1958 -- The first American commercial jet, the 707, was put into
service by the Boeing Company.
1936 -- LZ 129 / Hindenburg
The Hindenburg Disaster
It was only 31 feet long, it had
a 28-foot wingspan. But the
fuselage was shaped like a
bullet. Basically the X-1 was a
pure rocket. It burned liquid
oxygen and a mixture of five
parts alcohol to one part
water.
In 1947, Chuck Yeager was a
Captain with the United States
Air Force assigned as a test pilot
to the X-1 program. On October
14, 1947, he became the first
person to fly faster than the
speed of sound.
From 80,000 feet it could
survey 100,000 square
miles of Earth's surface per
hour. On July 28, 1976, an
SR-71 set two world
records for its class: an
absolute speed record of
2,193.167 miles per hour
and an absolute altitude
record of 85,068.997 feet.
PERFORMANCE
Maximum speed: Plus 2,000 mph.
Range: Plus 2,900 miles
Service Ceiling: Plus 85,000 ft.
And this was in the mid 1950’s!
Three views of the X15's original
configuration, with
which it achieved a
maximum speed of
Mach 6.06 and a
maximum altitude of
354,200 ft. Its launch
weight was 33,000
lb.; landing weight,
14 700 lb.
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Airways are paths or routes that airplanes
follow.
The airways are controlled by the FAA (Federal
Aviation Administration).
The airways are setup in layers – ground to
75,000 feet.
All even numbered layers are for planes flying
west, while all odd numbered layers are for
planes flying east.
Aircraft are to keep a distance of 1000 ft apart
and 10 minutes of flying time in front and in
back of a plane.
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Lighter-than-air: – Wind is the typical
method of propulsion of the vehicle.
Heavier-than-air: – This type of vehicle
requires power for lift. The vehicles fly with
the use of airfoils by adjusting the angle of
attack.
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Lighter-than-air
Types
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Hot Air
Gas – Hydrogen or Helium
A balloon floats in the air under the same
principles as a boat floating in water.
Lift is the upward pressure equal to or greater
than the air displaced by the object.
Mainly used for recreation today, but were
used in battle in the early days.
Modern hot air balloons are comprised
of three essential components; an
envelope to contain the heated air, a
propane burner used to heat the air,
and a basket in which to carry the fuel,
the pilot and passengers. Propane is
the common fuel used in hot air
ballooning.
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Lighter-than-air.
A big difference between a balloon and a
dirigible is the the dirigible is steer able.
Hydrogen was commonly used…but it was
extremely combustible.
The Zeppelin ships used hydrogen because
they had a limited supply of helium, plus
hydrogen had better lift.
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Type of an airship, but they are not rigid in construction.
They use helium instead of hydrogen.
They are basically large gas balloons. Their shape is maintained by
their internal overpressure. The only solid parts are the passenger
car and the tail fins.
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Heavier-than-air.
It is an aircraft with no propulsion unit.
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Heavier-than-air.
Basic parts…
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Flight depends on these four forces:
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Thrust – is the power to move forward.
Lift – is the upward force on the wings.
Drag – is the force the airplane has to overcome in
order to fly. Drag is basically the resistance of the air
to the motion of a traveling object.
Gravity – is the downward force of objects (9.8
meters per second on the earth).
Thrust and lift combined have to be greater then the total
forces of drag and gravity in order for an airplane to fly.
As air moves across the curved surface on top of an airplane’s wing, it
creates an area of low pressure. The low air pressure provides lift.
Roll – is the
movement of an
airplane when its wing
tip begins to dip or
rise.
Pitch – is the
movement of
an airplane
when its nose
begins to dip or
rise.
Yaw – is the movement
of an airplane to the left
or right.
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A helium balloon experiences an upward force
that is equal to the weight of the air it displaces
i.e. the buoyant force of the balloon
An average medium size balloon contains
approximately .067 pounds per cubic foot
.067/ _______________ = the number of
balloons you will need to lift the object off the
ground
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How much helium will it take to life the
following off the ground
Bowling ball: 16lbs
Textbook: 2.5 lbs
Small child: 50lbs
45lb weight
_____________ your weight
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Helicopters get their lift from rotating wings
called rotor blades.
The amount of lift is controlled by changing the
pitch (angle) of the rotor blades.
The forward and backward motion is also
controlled be the pitch of the rotor blades
The tail rotor is used to turn the helicopter.
The V-22 Osprey is a multi-engine,
dual-piloted, self-deployable, medium
lift, vertical takeoff and landing
(VTOL) tiltrotor aircraft designed for
combat, combat support, combat
service support, and Special
Operations missions worldwide.
Cost: 40.1 million dollars
It has two propjet turbines
that power two oversize
propellers. It flies at over 400
mph and reaches an altitude
of 25,000 feet. It's designed to
carry up to 24 troops or loads
of 15,000 pounds.
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General aviation – consists of privately owned
planes.
Commercial aviation – air transportation by
companies that receive money in exchange for
service (commercial airlines).
Military aviation – consists of air activity
performed by the military.
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Commuter services transports people from
several small airports to a major airport in a
major city in the same area.
Regional airline services include air travel
between major airports and smaller airports
within a specific region of a country.
Domestic airline services is the transport by
way of air to and from major airports within a
country.
International airline services includes air travel
between different countries.
Maximum Fuel Capacity – 57,285 gallons
Maximum Range – 8,430 miles
Typical Speed -- .85 mach = 565 mph
Cruising Altitude – 35,000 Feet
Capacity – about 500 people
Concorde
Concorde, the flagship of the British Airways fleet, is the world's only supersonic
passenger aircraft. British Airways is one of only two airlines operating the delta-wing
jet. Concorde holds many world records, including fastest crossing of the Atlantic from
New York to London in 2 hours 54 minutes and 45 seconds.
Capacity – 100 passengers
Range – 3740 miles
Cruising Speed – 1336 mph = Mach 2
Cruising Altitude – 55,000 ft
Fuel Capacity – 26,286 gallons
Fuel Consumption – 5638 gallons per hour
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Passenger terminal contains the ticket counters
of the airline companies that offer flights from
that airport.
Gates are walkways and waiting areas that
provide boarding access to the airplanes.
Runways are where the airplanes take off and
land.
Taxiways are paths that connect the gates to
the runways.
Control tower is where air traffic controllers
work.
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More than 293 million
passengers travel an average of
833 miles each year.
Approximately 6.9 billion ton
miles of freight and mail are
carried per year.
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Air travel consumes large quantities non-renewable
fossil fuels.
 Air travel contributes to global warming.
•Aircraft are major sources of greenhouse
gases particularly carbon dioxide (CO2),
water vapor, and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
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http://wings.avkids.com/Book/Ve
hicles/advanced/index.html-- Let’s
look at an online text
http://www.sprocketworks.com/shockwave/
load.asp?SprMovie=paperairplanefoldweb -Let’s build a paper airplane
http://www.eagle.ca/~matink/themes/Trans
port/air.html#SHI -- Air Travel