Grammar…
The Speaking, Reading, and
Writing Center
College of the Mainland
Spring 2015
We all want good
grammar.
We know we need it.
But we aren’t
always sure how
to recognize
yucky grammar
when we see it, or
what to do about it.
http://www.pinstopin.com/yuck-meme/
Common
grammar issues
include:
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Vague pronoun reference
Unnecessary verb tense shift
Lack of subject/verb
agreement
Lack of pronoun/antecedent
agreement
Misplaced/dangling modifier
Vague Pronoun Reference
Writers use pronouns in place of nouns to prevent
the repetition of words.
Examples of pronouns include I, we, you, he, she,
it, they, who, me, you, us, him, her, it, them, whom,
anybody, anything, each, either, everybody,
everything, neither, none, somebody, and
something.
The noun the pronoun is replacing/referencing is
called the antecedent, and it can be found in the
same sentence or in a close or adjacent sentence.
In a well-written sentence, the antecedent is clear:
Despite the torrential rains, the college made the
decision to keep its campus open.
Lisa poured Josh a cup of coffee from her coffee
pot in the SRWC.
Robert had previously shared some Dunkin Donuts
Jelly Donut coffee with the staff, and they loved it.
http://gcenglishcourses.tumblr.com/
Vague Pronoun Reference
But when pronouns can
potentially refer to more
than one noun (or
antecedent), readers
can easily be confused:
What goes into the bin:
the poo, or the dog?
Multiple nouns in the sentence can confuse the reader, particularly when another noun
comes close to the intended antecedent and its pronoun, as it did in this example.
Revise the sentence to clarify what you mean:
Vague: If your dog does a poo, please put it in a litter bin.
Better: Please put your dog’s poo in a litter bin.
Vague Pronoun Reference
Follow these steps from Letourneau University’s OWL to avoid
pronoun reference problems:
1. Circle all pronouns in your draft and draw an arrow to their
antecedent.
2. If you can’t find the antecedent or if it seems unclear, you can:
• Replace the pronoun with a noun
• Supply the missing antecedent
• Use a possessive pronoun to refer back to a possessive
antecedent
• Place the pronoun so that the nearest noun is its antecedent
http://owlet.letu.edu/grammarlinks/pronouns/pronoun1s.html
Verb Tense Shift
The most commonly used
tenses in academic writing
include present and past.
Usually, a consistent verb tense
is used throughout writing:
The president won the election
based on a promise, but then
ignored his own commitment;
he vetoed the bill.
The verbs in the sentence
above are all past tense.
Switching tense in this sentence
could look like this:
The president won the election
based on a promise, but then
ignores his own commitment;
he vetoed the bill.
Here, we have two verbs in past tense, and one in
present. It must be clear to the reader when the
action is taking place, and unnecessary tense
shifts make that difficult to understand. Be careful
when toggling back and forth between tenses:
does it accurately reflect the time order of events?
Verb Tense Shift
•
If the time frame of the action or state has not changed, then neither should the
verb tense.
•
If the time frame has changed, OR if multiple time frames are referenced, writers
should carefully word their sentence so that the shift is clear to the reader.
An example of a necessary and correctly done tense shift:
The president won the election based on a promise, but now he is going back on
his word. He plans to veto the bill tomorrow.
Multiple shifts are present in this sentence, but the reader can easily follow the
chronological order because the writer has included important words like ‘now’ and
‘tomorrow’ to let the reader when actions have taken, or will take, place.
Special note when writing about literature
A writer may need to toggle back and forth
in verb tenses when writing about literature;
consult with your instructor for clarification.
Verb Tense Shift
Examples of
Incorrect Tense Shift:
Last year the Texas government
limited funding for public schools
and increase funding for roads
and highways.
While Professor Hart allows late
assignments, Professor North
refused them.
She planned to include that
source for her paper but forgets
the in-text citations when she
revised the final draft.
It can also be easy to leave off
or add an ‘s’ or ‘ed’ to
verbs…pay close attention
during revision for these
sneaky errors 
Subject/Verb Disagreement
Subject verb agreement
is not always simple to
spot.
It gets complicated when
you are dealing with
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Subjects joined by or,
either/or, or neither/nor
Subjects paired with
modifying phrases
Indefinite pronouns as
subjects
Collective nouns as
subjects
Subject/Verb Disagreement
Subjects joined by or, either/or, or neither/nor
• When a compound subject is joined by or, either/or, or
neither/nor, the verb must agree with the subject it is closest to:
Is it the yogurt or the eggs
that are expired?
Is it the eggs or the yogurt
that is expired?
Both of these sentences are
correct, even though they use
two different verbs.
Subject/Verb Disagreement
Subjects linked to other nouns
• When a subject is linked to another noun with a phrase like as
well as, along with, or alongside, the verb still agrees with the
subject:
Ignore the modifying phrase.
Besides Duran Duran, Depeche Mode
and Erasure are my favorite 80s bands.
Salmon, alongside rice and grilled
asparagus, is my favorite meal.
Subject/Verb Disagreement
Indefinite pronouns as
subjects
• Most indefinite pronouns, such as each,
some, few, all, someone, and everyone,
are singular and agree with the singular
forms of verbs:
Each is a wonderful choice for a potential
honeymoon.
• If each is modified by a phrase that
includes a plural noun, the choice
becomes less obvious:
Each of the choices is wonderful for a
potential honeymoon.
Subject/Verb Disagreement
Collective nouns as subjects
• Collective nouns refer to groups and include words like
audience, class, crowd, family, group, jury, team, etc.
When members of a group work together or are
considered a unit, use singular verbs and singular
pronouns:
The jury is back from deliberations and has reached
its verdict.
Watch out for collective nouns that switch from
singular in one context to plural in another; a
collective noun is considered plural when the action
of the group is reflective of individuals acting
independently:
The jury have returned to their hotel to contemplate
the day’s proceedings and get a good night’s sleep.
Misplaced Modifier
Modifiers are words or phrases that provide additional information
about a noun or noun phrase.
When a modifier is not placed correctly, it can cause confusion for
the reader and result in a sentence that has multiple
interpretations.
they
or
Dangling or Misplaced
Modifier
Rewrite the introductory phrase as an introductory clause to include the noun or pronoun:
Incorrect:
One morning I shot an elephant in my pajamas.
Correct:
One morning while still in my pajamas, I shot an elephant.
Misplaced Modifier
Preventing misplaced modifiers:
Insert the noun/pronoun being modified
immediately after the introductory
modifying phrase:
Incorrect:
Today I saw a man riding a motorcycle
with a broken leg.
Correct:
Today I saw a man with a broken leg
riding a motorcycle.
Look at the next slide
and see if you can
brainstorm ways to
revise the modifier
confusion…
Dangling or Misplaced
Modifier
Don’t be one of those ‘darn writers’…watch your modifiers!
COMMAS
COMMAS
APOSTROPHE
SEMI-COLON
COMMAS
Word Choice
Unclear Pronoun
Reference
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
COMMAS
Wrong Word Choice
Revising for Wrong Word Choice
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Spellchecking software does not
always recognize nuanced words
or improperly used homonyms
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Reading the paper aloud may not
help because the words still ‘sound’
right
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You don’t know the difference in
meaning of the words because you
have used a thesaurus
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Consult with an SRWC tutor or other
‘reader’ to help spot the word
choice errors that you aren’t able
to catch after your own close
reading
Wrong Word Choice
Relying on a thesaurus can also result in a wrong word choice
when words have slightly nuanced meanings, or connotations.
Wrong Word Choice
Wrong word choices
happen easily, and to
everyone, especially
with the following
homonyms:
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To, two, too
Their, they’re, there
Your, you’re
Its, it’s
Affect, effect
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