Resources Print slides 23-30 for paired work (Give one between two to work on) A3 paper for presentations-Likely to run over into next lesson (Allow 15-20 mins at start of next lesson for each pair to present their family and for rest of class to take notes) • Family Table The Causes of Family Diversity 01/10/14 Learning Outcomes Learning Objective All- Will be able to clearly define a To work in groups to carry out modern type of family research into the trends in one family Most-Will be able to describe and type and make a flip chart presentation explain current trends within family about it. structures Some- Will be able to evaluate statistics and explain trends in accurate detail Starter: Explain what is meant by the term ‘household’. (2 marks) Identify and describe two types of families or household that can be found in Britain today. (4 marks) Starter Work in pairs. Raise your hand when you know the type of family Nuclear family A group of people who share a living space, meals and bills, but are not related to each other. Household Lone parent family This is a person living alone, usually a young adult or an elderly person. Singleton Extended family This is an unmarried couple living together with or without children. Cohabiting family Same sex family This is another word for step families. Reconstituted family Empty nest family If children can’t live with their biological parents they are placed with other adults deemed suitable to take care of children. Foster family The exam 2 x 1.5 hours exams Three Topics in unit 1: o Families o Education o Studying society Each Topic is made up of 7 questions – 01, 02, 03, 04, etc. Unit 1 is 50% of total Sociology GCSE. Task 1 Work on your own. Look at the following bar graphs and answer the questions. Note: Please write in full sentences so you can revise properly Nuclear families 5 mins 35% 1. 2. What has been the trend in nuclear families between 1971 and 2007? By how many percentage points did the number of nuclear families decline by between 1971 and 2007? Extension: What do you think are the reasons behind the trend? Note: Please write in full sentences so you can revise properly Lone parent families 1. 2. What has been the overall trend in lone parent families between 1971 and 2007? By how many percentage points has the number of lone parent families increased between 1971 and 2007? 7 mins 3. What percent of families in 2007 consisted of lone parents? Singletons 1. 2. In 2007, were there more single people over the state pension age or under the state pension age? By how many percentage points has the number of singletons increase between 1971 and 2007? 5 mins Note: Please write in full sentences so you can revise properly Reconstituted families 1. 2. 5 mins What percentage of reconstituted families are made up of both partners’ children from previous relationships? Who comprises most reconstituted families? Task 2 1. 2. o o o o o o o o 3. 4. 5. 15 min Work in pairs. You’ll be given a type of family to research: Nuclear families Lone parent families Same sex families Reconstituted families Cohabiting families Singletons Extended families Households Use the handout to find out about what is happening to the trend in that type of family and at least two reasons for the changes. Create a flip chart presentation You have 15 minutes. Task 3 1. 2. 3. 15 min Fill in the appropriate part of the worksheet with the information from your research. Present your findings to the class. Everyone else needs to take notes into the worksheet. Homework A survey into family types worksheet Due next Tuesday th 7 October Plenary Write one thing you have learnt today Write one question that you have about today’s lesson. Task 2 Paired work hand outs Nuclear Family The traditional nuclear family – a husband and wife in their first marriage with their young dependent children. Functionalist sociologists argue that nuclear families provide the most stable form of primary socialisation for children even though traditional nuclear families are on the decline. The privatized nuclear family has become the most common form of family in Britain, causing the idea of extended family to disappear. The privatised nuclear family means that the family unit becomes very insular and private and tends to separate itself from extended family and the local community. Family members are reliant on one another within the family unit and leisure activities are centred around the home and family. Reasons for the decline in the nuclear family are said to be linked to the lack of religious observance by many in Britain. For example Roman Catholicism forbids divorce and only allows it on grounds of adultery. More couples are opting to live together outside of marriage called ‘cohabiting.’ Peoples’ life cycles’ seem to take longer than in previous years. This means that many people take longer to get married, meaning they are likely to spend years living in others forms of families before ‘settling down.’ What is happening? The traditional nuclear family – a husband and wife in their first marriage with their young dependent children. Functionalist sociologists argue that nuclear families provide the most stable form of primary socialisation for children even though traditional nuclear families are on the decline. The privatized nuclear family has become the most common form of family in contemporary Britain, causing the idea of extended family to disappear. The privatised nuclear family means that the family unit becomes very insular and private and tends to separate itself from extended family and the local community. Family members are reliant on one another within the family unit and leisure activities are centred around the home and family. Reasons for the decline in the nuclear family are said to be linked to the lack of religious observance by many in Britain. For example Roman Catholicism forbids divorce and only allows it on grounds of adultery. More couples are opting to live together outside of marriage called ‘cohabiting.’ Cohabiting The decline of marriage and the growth of living together before or outside marriage were two of the major social changes at the time of the twenty-first century. Cohabiting families consist of unmarried couples living together. These types of families are on the rise. By the early 2000s, the majority of people in first marriages had lived with their partner beforehand; cohabitation is now the norm rather than the exception. 7/10 couples married in 2000 gave identical addresses. Sociologists argue that the increase is due to less emphasis being put on marriage as an ‘absolute must.’ It has also said to be due the fact that cohabitation is no longer deemed officially as unacceptable or ‘living in sin’ which indicates a shift in society’s norms and values. People are happy to have children and not be married in far greater numbers than ever before. It’s important to note that non-marriage, with or without children, isn’t always simply down to couples willingly ‘opting out’. Research shows that financially unstable couples are less likely to marry, crucially not because they don’t want to but often because they can’t achieve the ‘prerequisites’ such as a regular income and owning a home. Some of the reasons for the increase in this type of family are due to: •Changing role of women, growing economic independence giving them more freedom to choose their relationships. •Growing divorce rate and the message it's sending out to potential marriage partners. •Growing secularization (religious thinking, practice and institutions lose social significance). •Changing social attitudes and reduced social stigma: young people are more likely to cohabit than older people, reflects that older people are more likely to think living together outside of marriage is always wrong, whereas more easy going attitudes to cohabitation among the young, showing the reduced social stigma attached to cohabitation. •The greater availability of, and more affective, contraception. •Higher expectations of marriage. What is happening? The decline of marriage and the growth of living together before or outside marriage were two of the major social changes at the time of the twenty-first century. Cohabiting families consist of unmarried couples living together. These types of families are on the rise. By the early 2000s, the majority of people in first marriages had lived with their partner beforehand, cohabitation is now the norm rather than the exception. 7/10 couples married in 2000 gave identical addresses. Sociologists argue that the increase is due to less emphasis being put on marriage as an ‘absolute must.’ It has also said to be due the fact that cohabitation is no longer deemed officially as unacceptable or ‘living in sin’ which indicates a shift in society’s norms and values. Same Sex Families Sharp rise in number of cohabiting gay couples The number of same-sex couples living together outside of a civil partnership has increased by almost a third since last year, according to figures published by the Office for National Statistics. The number of gay and lesbian couples bringing up children has risen by eight per cent since last year, according to research by the Office for National Statistics. Campaigners said the recorded increase in cohabiting same-sex couples outside of civil partnerships indicated that gay partners were “more comfortable” being open in official surveys about their living arrangements. Richard Lane of Stonewall, the gay rights charity, said the shift could be down to the effect of the Government’s move to introduce same-sex marriage. Same sex partnerships are no longer seen as taboo as it would have appeared in the 60’s and 70’s. This is argued to be due to a shift in general norms and values in society by interactionist sociologists. In 2012 there were 69,000 same-sex couples living together outside of a civil partnership, whereas now there are 89,000. What is happening? Sharp rise in number of cohabiting gay couples The number of same-sex couples living together outside of a civil partnership has increased by almost a third since last year, according to figures published by the Office for National Statistics. The number of gay and lesbian couples bringing up children has risen by eight per cent since last year, according to research by the Office for National Statistics. Campaigners said the recorded increase in cohabiting same-sex couples outside of civil partnerships indicated that gay partners were “more comfortable” being open in official surveys about their living arrangements. Richard Lane of Stonewall, the gay rights charity, said the shift could be down to the effect of the Government’s move to introduce same-sex marriage. Same sex partnerships are no longer seen as taboo as it would have appeared in the 60’s and 70’s. This is argued to be due to a shift in general norms and values in society by interactionist sociologists. In 2012 there were 69,000 same-sex couples living together outside of a civil partnership, whereas now there are 89,000. Reconstituted Family These are families with one or more step parents. Often times they consist of couples with children from previous relationships. Sometimes, it is only one partner with children from prior relationships that meets with a single person without children and moves in together. This type of family is one the increase due to high divorce rate and single parenthood. •Step-famillies are the fastest growing family type. •Just over 2/5 marriages now involve a remarriage for one or both partners, reflecting the increase in divorce rate. •More divorced men remarry than divorced women, reflecting women's greater dissatisfaction or disillusionment with marriage. Perhaps not surprising though, women have to balance demands of paid employment, domestic labour and childcare, and emotional "management" of the family. •Step-fathers are more common than step-mothers, since most children remain with the mother after a break up, around 9/10 step-families have at least one child from a previous relationship of the woman. This reflects that it is nearly always the mother who gets custody of the children in the event of a breakdown of a relationship. •1/6 men in their 30s are now step-fathers, raising other men's children - nearly double the proportion in the mid-1990s. •Official estimates suggest there are around 3/4 of a million step-families with dependent children in the UK - 10% of all families with dependent children. What is happening? These are families with one or more step parents. Often times they consist of couples with children from previous relationships. Sometimes, it is only one partner with children from prior relationships that meets with a single person without children and moves in together. This type of family is one the increase due to high divorce rate and single parenthood. •Step-famillies are the fastest growing family type. •Just over 2/5 marriages now involve a remarriage for one or both partners, reflecting the increase in divorce rate. •More divorced men remarry than divorced women, reflecting women's greater dissatisfaction or disillusionment with marriage. Perhaps not surprising though, women have to balance demands of paid employment, domestic labour and childcare, and emotional "management" of the family. •Step-fathers are more common than step-mothers, since most children remain with the mother after a break up, around 9/10 step-families have at least one child from a previous relationship of the woman. This reflects that it is nearly always the mother who gets custody of the children in the event of a breakdown of a relationship. •1/6 men in their 30s are now step-fathers, raising other men's children - nearly double the proportion in the mid-1990s. •Official estimates suggest there are around 3/4 of a million step-families with dependent children in the UK - 10% of all families with dependent children. Extended Families A group of relatives extending beyond the nuclear family. In the classic extended family, three generations live together or nearby. Young and Wilmott - argue that the main form of family used to be the classic extended family, but from 1900's, there has been a transition to the privatized nuclear family, where there are stronger bonds between couples, with the roles in the relationship being more equal or symmetrical. These are the 6 main reasons why there is thought to be a decline in extended family: 1) The need for geographical mobility -the labour force needs to be mobile and able to move around so relatives are left behind. 2) More social mobility in contemporary societies - people in modern society are able to move up the social scales easier and have different jobs and lifestyles than other family members so they have less in common. 3) Growth in people’s wealth - people are better off due to the development of the welfare state, so nuclear members are less reliant on each other. 4) Growth in meritocracy - jobs requires more skills and education, whereas before you got a job based on your social class and links you had with important people. So now jobs are more about what you know than who you know so family links are less important. 5) There is a need to avoid status differences causing conflict - peoples difference in jobs, incomes and lifestyles cause conflict, so children may leave home and break regular contact with their families to avoid these conflicts occurring. 6) Protect family stability by protecting bonds between couples - less contact and support from extended family helps keep the nuclear family close and secure because partners become dependent on one another. What is happening? A group of relatives extending beyond the nuclear family. In the classic extended family, three generations live together or nearby. Young and Wilmott - argue that the main form of family used to be the classic extended family, but from 1900's, there has been a transition to the privatized nuclear family, where there are stronger bonds between couples, with the roles in the relationship being more equal or symmetrical. These are the 6 main reasons why there is thought to be a decline in extended family: 1) The need for geographical mobility -the labour force needs to be mobile and able to move around so relatives are left behind. 2) More social mobility in contemporary societies - people in modern society are able to move up the social scales easier and have different jobs and lifestyles than other family members so they have less in common. 3) Growth in people’s wealth - people are better off due to the development of the welfare state, so nuclear members are less reliant on each other. 4) Growth in meritocracy - jobs requires more skills and education, whereas before you got a job based on your social class and links you had with important people. So now jobs are more about what you know than who you know so family links are less important. 5) There is a need to avoid status differences causing conflict - peoples difference in jobs, incomes and lifestyles cause conflict, so children may leave home and break regular contact with their families to avoid these conflicts occurring. 6) Protect family stability by protecting bonds between couples - less contact and support from extended family helps keep the nuclear family close and secure because partners become dependent on one another. Lone Parent One of the biggest changes in the family has been the growth of the lone parent family ( single parent or one-parent family). •The percentage of lone parent families has tripled since 1971, Britain has one of the highest proportions of lone parent families in Europe. •More than 1/4 families with dependent children were lone parents in 2005 9/10 headed by women. •Nearly 1/4 (23%) of dependent children now live such families, compared to just 7% in 1972. Why are there more lone parent families? •The greater economic independence of women: through more job opportunities and support from the welfare state. Support by a husband is less of an economic necessity compared to the past. •Improved contraception, changing male attitudes, and fewer "shotgun weddings" Wider availability and approval of safe and effective contraception, and easier access to safe and legal abortion, men may feel less responsibility to marry women, and women less pressured to marry the future father, should she become unintentionally pregnant. Changing social attitudes: There's less social stigma attached to lone parenthood today. Women are therefore less afraid of the social consequences of becoming lone parents. What is happening? One of the biggest changes in the family has been the growth of the lone parent family (single parent or one-parent family). •The percentage of lone parent families has tripled since 1971, Britain has one of the highest proportions of lone parent families in Europe. •More than 1/4 families with dependent children were lone parents in 2005 - 9/10 headed by women. •Nearly 1/4 (23%) of dependent children now live such families, compared to just 7% in 1972. Why are there more lone parent families? •The greater economic independence of women: through more job opportunities and support from the welfare state. Support by a husband is less of an economic necessity compared to the past. •Improved contraception, changing male attitudes, and fewer "shotgun weddings" Wider availability and approval of safe and effective contraception, and easier access to safe and legal abortion, men may feel less responsibility to marry women, and women less pressured to marry the future father, should she become unintentionally pregnant. Changing social attitudes: There's less social stigma attached to lone parenthood today. Women are therefore less afraid of the social consequences of becoming lone parents. Singletons Growth in 'singlehood' - living alone In 1901, one in twenty households contained only one person, whereas, today, around one in three households contain a single person. In 1971, two thirds of people in single households were over pensionable age but now only half are over pensionable age (60 for women and 65 for men). This shows there is a growth in the number of young people living alone. Reasons for this are the decline in marriage, the rise in divorce and separation and the fact that people are delaying marriage or cohabitation until they are older. There are nearly twice as many men as women, aged 25-44, living alone but twice as many women as men, aged over 65, living alone, because women have a higher life expectancy. What is happening? Growth in 'singlehood' - living alone In 1901, one in twenty households contained only one person, whereas, today, around one in three households contain a single person. In 1971, two thirds of people in single households were over pensionable age but now only half are over pensionable age (60 for women and 65 for men). This shows there is a growth in the number of young people living alone. Reasons for this are the decline in marriage, the rise in divorce and separation and the fact that people are delaying marriage or cohabitation until they are older. There are nearly twice as many men as women, aged 2544, living alone but twice as many women as men, aged over 65, living alone, because women have a higher life expectancy. Households At its simplest a household is one person living alone or a group of people who share living arrangements at the same address for example a group of university students. In 2011, there were 23.4 million households (which exclude communal establishments, such as care homes, university halls of residence and prisons etc) in England and Wales, with an average of 2.4 residents per household. There were 55.1 million people in these households, made up of 44.5 million adults and 10.5 million children. This type of living arrangement stems from many young people living as students or in shared accommodation as a means to survive increasing city costs. What is happening? At its simplest a household is one person living alone or a group of people who share living arrangements at the same address for example a group of university students. In 2011, there were 23.4 million households (which exclude communal establishments, such as care homes, university halls of residence and prisons etc) in England and Wales, with an average of 2.4 residents per household. There were 55.1 million people in these households, made up of 44.5 million adults and 10.5 million children. This type of living arrangement stems from many young people living as students or in shared accommodation as a means to survive increasing city costs.