Session 2- Literature Review
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Check the Wiki consistently for New Postings
Please let Sheldon know if links are not working or if you have
any issues with the Wiki.
http://rxsped596.pbworks.com/w/page/54340090/FrontPage
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For the NIH/CITI online Modules…
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◦ Select SOCIAL-BEHAVIORAL RESEARCH Basic/Refresher
◦ Link (from wiki): https://www.citiprogram.org/Default.asp?
Find a group for your research proposal project soon! We will
have some time today to do this.
Dr. Sanford will be coming to our next class to present the RTI
project information
When there is an OR in the Readings column that means you can
choose to read either the 3rd or 4th reading, but the expectation
is that you read the first 2 or 3 and choose one of the others.
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June 29: NIH CITI training modules
July 1: Annotated Bibliography
◦ Each individual reviews 3 research articles regarding
their topic
◦ See Example:
http://rxsped596.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/54804527/
Example%20Annotated%20Bibliography.pdf
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July 6: Conceptual Framework
◦ Group submits short summary of literature and presents
a conceptual framework for theories that drive their
proposal.
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Review & Quiz
Group Discussion of Readings
Lecture:
◦ APA Style
◦ Conceptual Models
◦ Literature Review & Research Proposal
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In-Class Activity: Plan your Literature Search
with your group
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Four Functions of Educational Research:
1. Description
2. Prediction
3. Improvement
4. Explanation
….of an educational phenomenon
•
Quantitative: Numerical data
•
Qualitative: Words, pictures & artifacts
•
Mixed: Both types of data
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Independent variable=
Intervention/treatment manipulated for
different groups or at different times
(e.g., literacy training).
Predictor variable=
Inherent characteristics that are
different between groups (e.g.,
studying gender differences)
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Variable that the researcher is interested in
measuring to determine how it is different
for groups with different experiences
(dependent) or characteristics (criterion) .
Dependent variable: Measured/outcome
variable
•
•
Population: Group to whom you want to apply
your results (e.g., teachers in a school district;
N=800)
Sample: Group that you have chosen from (or
representative of) your population from which
to collect data (e.g., n=80 teachers from a
school district selected to interview/survey)
Prepared by M. Hara (mhara@pdx.edu)
Prepared by M. Hara (mhara@pdx.edu)
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Discuss the readings with at least 2 other
people in a small group (15 minutes)
Make sure everyone has a chance to talk.
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“Research questions must guide researchers’ selections of
scientific methods” (p.138).
“Science in education is not a hard science, but is the
‘hardest-to-do science’” (Berliner, 2002, as cited by Odom et
al., 2005, p.139).
Randomized Control Trials (RCT)= “Gold Standard” , but….
“Researchers cannot just address a simple question about
whether a practice in special education is effective; they must
specify clearly for whom the practice is effective and in what
context” (p. 141).
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Rigorous methodology to questions of interest.
Guidelines for:
◦ Researchers who design and conduct research
◦ Reviewers who evaluate the “believability” of research findings
◦ Consumers who need to determine the “usability” of research
findings
Guidelines for determining an evidence-based practice
based on the rigor of research using a number of
methods.
Indicators for: Group Design (Gersten et al., 2004);
Single-Subject Design (Horner et al., 2005);
Correlational Design (Thompson et al., 2004);
Qualitative Design (Brantlinger et al., 2005)
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Where do I start? Tutorial from PSU Library
http://library.pdx.edu/tutorials/beginresearch/1
PSU Special Education Research Guide Site
http://guides.library.pdx.edu/content.php?pid=2
33736&sid=1942844
Handout
http://rxsped596.pbworks.com/w/file/5490578
1/Schroeder.Library.Lit%20Review.sped%20590%2
0Loman%206%2012.doc
APA
Formatting and Style
Guide
What is APA?
The American Psychological Association (APA) citation
style is the most commonly used format for manuscripts
in the social sciences.
APA regulates:
• Stylistics
• In-text citations
• References
APA Style: Language
Language in an APA paper is:
• clear: be specific in descriptions and explanations
• concise: condense information when you can
• plain: use simple, descriptive adjectives and
minimize figurative language
Types of APA Papers
The literature review:
• Contains a summary of what the scientific
literature says about the topic of your research
• Includes a title page, introduction, and list of
references
The experimental report:
• Describes your experimental research
• Includes a title page, abstract, introduction,
method, results, discussion, list of references,
appendices, tables, and figures
General Format
Your essay should:
• be typed, double-spaced, with one space after
punctuation between sentences
• be printed on standard-sized paper (8.5”x11”)
• use 1” margins on all sides
• use 10-12 pt. Times New Roman or a similar font
• include a page header (title) in the upper left-hand
of every page and a page number in the upper righthand side of every page
General Format
Your essay should
include four major
sections:
References
Main Body
Abstract
Title page
Title Page
Page header:
(use Insert Page
Header)
title flush left + page
number flush right.
Title:
(in the upper half of
the page, centered)
name (no title or
degree) + affiliation
(university, etc.)
Abstract Page
Page header: do
NOT include
“Running head:”
Abstract: centered,
at the top of the
page
Write a 150- to 250word summary of
your paper in an
accurate, concise,
and specific manner.
Main Body (Text)
• Number the first text page as page number 3
• Type and center the title of the paper centered, at
the top of the page
• Type the text double-spaced with all sections
following each other without a break
• Identify the sources you use in the paper in
parenthetical in-text citations
• Format tables and figures
References Page
• Center the title
(References) at the top of
the page. Do not bold it.
• Double-space reference
entries
• Flush left the first line of
the entry and indent
subsequent lines
• Order entries
alphabetically by the
author’s surnames
References: Basics
• Invert authors’ names (last name first followed
by initials: “Smith, J.Q.”)
• Alphabetize reference list entries the last name of
the first author of each work
• Capitalize only the first letter of the first word of a
title and subtitle, the first word after a colon or a
dash in the title, and proper nouns. Do not
capitalize the first letter of the second word in a
hyphenated compound word.
References: Basics
• Capitalize all major words in journal titles
• Italicize titles of longer works such as books and
journals
• Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around
the titles of shorter works such as journal articles
or essays in edited collections
Making the References List
APA is a complex system of citation. When compiling
the reference list, the strategy below might be useful:
1. Identify the type of source: Is it a book? A journal
article? A webpage?
2. Find a sample of citing this type of source in the
textbook or in the OWL APA Guide:
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
3. “Mirror” the sample
4. Make sure that the entries are listed in the
alphabetical order and the subsequent lines are
indented (Recall References: Basics)
Reference List:
Single Author
• Last Name first, followed by author initials
• Example:
Berndt, T.J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development.
Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. doi:
10.0000.XYZ.
• Notice that in the title of the article only the first letter of the first
word is capitalized AND it is not italicized.
• Notice that the Journal: Current Directions… is italicized along with
the volume number
• Finally, notice that a doi number is placed at the end of the
reference. This is now a new requirement of materials obtained
electronically (almost every journal article now has one!)
Reference List: Two to Seven
Authors
• List by last names and initials; commas separate authors
names, while the last author is preceded by ampersand (&).
• Example
Kernis, M.H., Cornell, D.P., Sun, C.R., & Berry, A. (1993). There’s
more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The
importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (1), 1190-1204. doi:
10001XXX
• Notice how the “T” after the colon is capitalized, but nothing
else in the title of the article.
• Notice that the volume number “65” is italicized, but the issue
number “1” is in parenthesis and not italicized.
Reference list more than seven
authors
• Same format, except…
• After the sixth authors name, use an ellipses inplace of the
author names. Then provided the final author name. There
should be no more than seven names.
Miller, F.H., Choi, M.J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A.A., Stamos, J.,
Thomas, S.T., … Rubin, L.H. (2009). Web site usability for
the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication,
57 (1), 323-334. doi: 10xXX00146
In-text Citations: Basics
In-text citations help readers locate the cited source
in the References section of the paper.
Whenever you use a source, provide in parenthesis:
• the author’s name and the date of publication
• for quotations and close paraphrases, provide
the author’s name, date of publication, and a
page number
In-text Citations:
Formatting Quotations
When quoting, introduce the quotation with a signal
phrase. Make sure to include the author’s name, the year
of publication, the page number, but keep the citation
brief—do not repeat the information.
Caruth (1996) states that a traumatic response
frequently entails a “delayed, uncontrolled
repetitive appearance of hallucinations and other
intrusive phenomena” (p.11).
A traumatic response frequently entails a
“delayed, uncontrolled repetitive appearance of
hallucinations and other intrusive
phenomena”
(Caruth, 1996, p.11).
In-text Citations:
Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase
Provide the author’s last name and the year of
publication in parenthesis after a summary or a
paraphrase.
Though feminist studies focus solely on women's
experiences, they err by collectively perpetuating
the masculine-centered impressions (Fussell,
1975).
In-text Citations:
Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase
Include the author’s name in a signal phrase followed
by the year of publication in parenthesis.
Recently, the history of warfare has been
significantly revised by Higonnet et al. (1987),
Marcus (1989), and Raitt and Tate (1997) to
include women’s personal and cultural
responses to
battle and its resultant traumatic
effects.
In-text Citations:
Formatting a Summary or Paraphrase
When including the quotation in a
summary/paraphrase, also provide a page number in
parenthesis after the quotation:
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).
In-text Citations:
Signal Words
Introduce quotations with signal phrases, e.g.
According to X. (2008), “….” (p. 3).
X. (2008) argued that “……” (p. 3).
Use such signal verbs as:
acknowledged, contended, maintained,
responded, reported, argued, concluded,
etc.
Use the past tense or the present perfect tense of
verbs in signal phrases
In-text Citations:
Two or More Works
When the parenthetical citation includes two or
more works, order them in the same way they
appear in the reference list—the author’s name,
the year of publication—separated by a
semi-colon.
(Kachru, 2005; Smith, 2008)
In-text Citations:
A Work with Two Authors
When citing a work with two authors, use “and”
in between authors’ name in the signal phrase yet
“&” between their names in parenthesis.
According to feminist researchers Raitt and Tate
(1997), “It is no longer true to claim that women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (p. 2).
Some feminists researchers question that “women's
responses to the war have been ignored” (Raitt &
Tate, 1997, p. 2).
In-text Citations:
A Work with Three to Five authors
When citing a work with three to five authors, identify all
authors in the signal phrase or in parenthesis.
(Harklau, Siegal, and Losey, 1999)
In subsequent citations, only use the first author's last
name followed by "et al." in the signal phrase or in
parentheses.
(Harklau et al., 1993)
In-text Citations:
A Work with Six and More Authors
When citing a work with six and more authors, identify
the first author’s name followed by “et al.”
Smith et al. (2006) maintained that….
(Smith et al., 2006)
In-text Citations:
A Work of Unknown Author
When citing a work of unknown author, use the
source’s full title in the signal phrase and cite the
first word of the title followed by the year of
publication in parenthesis. Put titles of articles and
chapters in quotation marks; italicize titles of books
and reports.
According to “Indiana Joins Federal
Accountability System” (2008), …
Or,
(“Indiana,” 2008)
In-text Citations:
Organization
When citing an organization, mention the organization
the first time when you cite the source in the signal
phrase or the parenthetical citation.
The data collected by the Food and Drug
Administration (2008) confirmed that…
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation,
include the abbreviation in brackets the first time the
source is cited and then use only the abbreviation in
later citations.
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)
confirmed … FDA’s experts tested…
In-text Citations:
The same last name/the same author
When citing authors with the same last names, use first
initials with the last names.
(B. Kachru, 2005; Y. Kachru, 2008)
When citing two or more works by the same author
published in the same year, use lower-case letters (a, b,
c) with the year of publication to order the references.
Smith’s (1998a) study of adolescent immigrants…
In-text Citations:
Personal communication
When citing interviews, letters, e-mails, etc., include the
communicator’s name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication. Do
not include personal communication in the reference
list.
A. P. Smith also claimed that many of her students
had difficulties with APA style (personal
communication, November 3, 2002).
Or,
(E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4,
2001).
In-text Citations:
Electronic sources
When citing an electronic document, whenever
possible, cite it in the author-date style. If electronic
source lacks page numbers, locate and identify
paragraph number/paragraph heading.
According to Smith (1997), ... (Mind over Matter
section, para. 6).
APA Headings
APA uses a system of five heading levels
APA Headings
Here is an example of the five-level heading system:
APA Tables
Label tables with an Arabic numeral and provide a
title. The label and the title appear on separate lines
above the table, flush-left and single-spaced.
Cite a source in a note below the table.
Table 1
Internet users in Europe
Country
Regular users
France
9 ml
Note: The data are adapted from “The European
Union and Russia”(2007). Retrieved from
http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
APA Figures
Label figures with an Arabic numeral and provide a
title. The label and the title appear on the same line
below the figure, flush-left .
You might provide an additional title centered above
the figure.
Cite the source below the label and the title.
The
Figure 1. Internet users in Europe. Adapted from
European Union and Russia: Statistical
comparison by Eurostat Statistical Books, 2007,
Retrieved from http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu
Additional APA Resources
• The Purdue OWL http://owl.english.purdue.edu
• Publication Manual of the American Psychological
Association, 6th ed.
• APA’s website http://www.apastyle.org
APA Style Test/Tutorial
http://www.lib.usm.edu/legacy/tutorials/apat
utorial/definition.html
Steps in the Research/Scientific
Process
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1. Identify socially
important issue
2. Review current
literature
3. Define conceptual
model
4. Define specific
hypothesis(es) and
research question(s)
5. Define dependent
variable(s)/measure
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6. Identify independent
variable(s)/measures
7. Select appropriate
research design
8. Obtain consents
9. Collect data
10. Analyze data
11. Communicate
results
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Written presentation
Oral presentation
Steps in the Research/Scientific
Process

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
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
1. Identify socially
important issue
2. Review current
literature
3. Define conceptual
model
4. Define specific
hypothesis(es) and
research question(s)
5. Define dependent
variable(s)/measure
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6. Identify independent
variable(s)/measures
7. Select appropriate
research design
8. Obtain consents
9. Collect data
10. Analyze data
11. Communicate
results
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Written presentation
Oral presentation
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“The way we think about things, not the
actual practices themselves” (Kauffman,
2007, p. 241).
◦ A link to this article is posted on the wiki
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Guides our thinking and provides “rules”,
“principles” that guides the research and
practice.
External Community Supports
Social/Behavior
Support System:
School-wide PBS
Academic Support
System:
Response to
Intervention
Context for: Person Centered Planning, Functional Assessment &
Wraparound
Strength-based shared understanding of :
Values, Long-term Goals, Current
Programs, Possible variables influencing
behaviors
PersonCentered
Planning
Functional
Assessment
FBA Identifying:
Routines, Setting Events,
Antecedents, & Functions of
Interfering Behaviors
Collaboratively Outline Behavior Supports
Plan that speaks with “One Voice”
Consistently Implement, Monitor, Evaluate,
COMMUNICATE
Ongoing
Comprehensive
Implementation:
Wraparound
Schoolwide
Applications
Six Guiding Principles to
Model
Creating an Inclusive School
1. All instruction is guided by General Education
2. All school resources are configured to benefit all
students
3. School Proactively addresses social development and
citizenship
4. School is data-based learning organization
5. School has open boundaries in relation to its families
and its community
6. District supports school-centered approach and
extensive systems-change activities required to
implement a school-wide model
Sailor & Roger, 2005
I. Provide
Multiple Means
of
Representation
Perception
II. Provide
Multiple Means of
Action &
Expression
Physical Action
Language,
Expression &
expressions, and Communication
symbols
Comprehension Executive
Functioning/
Planning
National Center on UDL; www.udlcenter.org
III. Provide
Multiple Means
of Engagement
Recruiting
Interest
Sustaining
Effort and
Persistence
Self-regulation
Schoolwide
Applications
Model
Sailor, 2008
Practice Guide for Self Determination
Loman et al., 2010
Person-Environment Fit &
Schools (Thompson, Wehmeyer, & Hughes, 2010)
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Check on the Wiki for details & template
Recommended at least 2 to 3 pages of the
document due at the end of the term.
Sheldon will explain this more when he gets
back on Monday!
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You should educate readers about the topic and provide a
clear rationale as to why the study is important and
necessary based on the previous research and writing on
the topic.
The process involves finding and reading the relevant
professional literature on the chosen topic and
summarizing the information in a written review.

Most of the research will be in the form of scholarly books,
book chapters, and published journal articles.

Do not plagiarize. Make sure to put all information in your
own words and give credit to all authors who are used
through professional citations using APA format.

Within your literature review you will present
the logic or conceptual framework as to why
and how your current study (topics, methods,
designs) is organized the way it is.
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Make this section compelling. Tell the reader
why this is an important topic and why they
should continue to read your document.
Concisely explain the social importance of
what you are studying.
Start with a powerful statistic or statement.
Take a look at some of the articles that you
are reviewing for class and see how they start
their articles.
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
½ to 1 page recommended length
State your research question(s) in the form of a
question that includes the independent
variable(s) and dependent variable(s) within the
question.
For example: “Do student who participate in the
Super-Duper literacy intervention [IV] perform
better on statewide standardized tests [DV] in
reading than students who do not receive the
Super-Duper literacy intervention?

Briefly and clearly state how each research question will be
addressed.

For example, “This research question will be answered by

Briefly present the proposed theoretical and practical
implications of the findings.

e.g., “The results of this study may have implications for
comparing the end-of-year state wide test scores of
students who received the intervention and those who did
not receive the intervention.”
the use of the evidence-based Super-Duper Reading
Intervention by elementary special education teachers…”

Framed based to operationalize (clearly define so that
it can be replicated) the objectives of the proposed
research project.

Mention the IV and DV and how they will affect each
other

Framed based on methodology:
◦ Experimental/Quasi-experimental/Single-subject: “Is there
a causal of functional relationships between IV and DV”
◦ Correlational: “Is there a correlational relationship between
IV and DV”
◦ Descriptive/Qualitative: Describe a phenomenon or issue
better, “What is the prevalence of intellectual disabilities in
African-American middle school students?”
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Find a group that you may be working with for
the research proposal topic
Work to find a group of 3-4 people that you may
be working with for the research proposal for this
course.
Outline what search criteria (key words) you will
use for your literature search.
Discuss a possible conceptual framework that
will guide your research.
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Please complete within the next 24 hours.