Globalisation Revision Sheet: Syllabus
Key Idea
Globalisation is a
significant feature of the
world in the 21st
Century.
Globalisation has
meant the
development of
manufacturing and
services across the
world.
Content
Case Studies
Understanding of the concept of globalisation. Recognition of global
interdependence.
The influence of developments in ICT allowing the development of
localised industrial regions with global connections.
Reasons for the development of call centres abroad.
Motorsport
Valley (cluster
of world famous
companies
associated with
motor racing).
India as a case
study: ASDA,
Tesco, BT have
call centres
here.
Revised
/Date
The advantages and disadvantages of TNCs.
A case study of one TNC.
The relative importance
of manufacturing to
different countries is
changing.
The increasing global
demand for energy
through sustainable and
non-sustainable
developments.
The rising industrial growth in some parts of the world and deindustrialisation in other parts.
TNC case study:
your choice
e.g. Nike,
McDonalds,
Toyota.
(Reasons for growth in manufacturing in China)
The effects of government legislation, long working hours, health and
safety regulations, prohibition of strikes and tax incentives and tax
free zones.
Deindustrialisation
in MEDCs (UK,
Japan),
industrialisation
in LEDCs
(China).
Development of China as the new economic giant.
China.
The impact of world population growth, increased wealth and
technological advances on the global demand for energy.
China.
The social, economic and environmental impact of increased
energy use.
Sustainable
development must
ensure that the
environment is
protected and that
there are sufficient
resources for future
generations.
Ways of achieving sustainable development through the use of
renewable energy. A case study of one type of renewable energy.
Wind Energy in
Cornwall.
The importance of international directives on pollution control and
carbon reducing initiatives.
Kyoto Protocol.
Ways of reducing the costs of globalisation from local
(recycling/landfill) to global (carbon credits).
Cornwall
recycling.
The global search to
satisfy the increasing
demand for food can
have positive and
negative repercussions.
Environmental – larger carbon footprints due to the increasing
number of ‘food miles’ travelled. Costs and
benefits of importing food versus local energy intensive food
production. Use of marginal land for production, leading to
environmental degradation.
Political – potential for hostilities between countries over the control
of water for irrigation.
Social – impact of development of a cash crop farming on a
subsistence economy.
Economic – increase in rural debt due to the increasing need for
fertilisers, pesticides and insecticides. Creation of a cash income for
farmers.
Campaign to encourage the increased use of locally produced
food.
River Indus
Waters Treaty.
Celebrity chef
Gordon Ramsay
says British
restaurants
should be fined
if they serve fruit
and vegetables,
which are not in
season.
Globalisation Key Words
Key word Definition
Globalisation
Interdependence
Call centres
Transnational
Corporation
Multiplier effect
Leakage
De-industrialisation
Assisted
areas/enterprise
Advanced factories
Strikes
Special Economic
Zones (SEZs)
The increasing links between different countries throughout the world and the greater
interdependence that results from this.
The relationship between 2 or more countries usually in terms of trade.
Offices where groups of people answer telephone queries from customers. Employees use a
computer that gives them information that helps them answer questions.
TNC A corporation or enterprise that operates in more than one country.
Where initial investment and jobs lead to a knock-on-effect, creating more jobs and providing
money to generate services.
Where profits made by the company are taken out of the country of origin and so do not benefit
the host county.
A process of decline in some types of industry over a long period of time. It results in fewer people
being employed in this sector and falling production.
Areas that qualify for government help. Enterprise zones are on a smaller scale than assisted
areas.
Where buildings for production are built in hope they will encourage businesses to buy or rent
them.
Periods of time when large numbers of employees refuse to work due to disagreements over pay
or other grievances.
Introduced in China between 1980 and 1994, areas where there were positive tax incentives to
foreign companies for setting up there.
Population growth
Renewable energy
Global warming
International
Directives
Kyoto Protocol
Biofuels
Sustainable
Development
Food miles
Carbon footprint
Environmental
degradation
Cash crops
Rural debt
Domestic farming
Carbon credit
Overlap with ‘population’ topic. This is a reason why we have an increasing demand for energy.
Population is expected to stablise at 10 billion in 2200.
Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes from resources, which are
continually replenished, on a human timescale such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, waves and
geothermal heat.
A gradual increase in the overall temperature of the earth's atmosphere generally attributed to
the greenhouse effect caused by increased levels of carbon dioxide, CFCs, and other pollutants.
An international agreement. Cooperation is needed between countries worldwide if air quality
and global warming issues are to be addressed.
An international agreement to cut Co2 emissions to help reduce global warming.
The use of living things such as crops like maize to make ethanol (an alcohol based fuel) or
biogas from animal waste. It is the use of crops that has become important.
Sustainable development refers to a mode of human development in which resource use aims to
meet human needs while ensuring the sustainability of natural systems and the environment, so
that these needs can be met not only in the present, but also for generations to come.
The distance food items travel from where they are grown to where they are eaten.
The amount of carbon generated by things people do, including creating a demand for out of
season food.
Undesirable changes to the natural environment through the removal of natural resources and
disruption to natural ecosystems. Human activity is a major cause.
Crops grown in order to sell to make a financial profit.
Money borrowed and now owed by farmers to banks or other organisations.
Farming in the UK. Eating locally produced food benefits the domestic farming industry.
A permit which allows a country or organization to produce a certain amount of carbon
emissions and which can be traded if the full allowance is not used.
Globalisation Case Studies
Motorsport
Valley (cluster
of world
famous
companies
associated
with motor
racing).
Context and link to syllabus
The influence of developments
in ICT allowing the development
of localised industrial regions
with global connections.
India as a case Reasons for the development of
study: ASDA,
call centres abroad.
Tesco, BT have
call centres
here.
TNC case
study: your
choice e.g.
Nike,
McDonalds,
Toyota.
The advantages and
disadvantages of TNCs.
A case study of one TNC.
Content
Developments in ICT have allowed immediate access to people all over the
world and fostered developments in small areas, knowing that communication
across the world is possible.
- Cluster of world famous companies associated with motor sport in an
axis between Northampton and Oxford. = Motorsport Valley.
- 40,000 jobs here.
- 2200 design, research and development businesses and event
organisation.
- 80% of world market in high performance engineering.
- £6 billion sales annually, 60% exports.
Companies such as ASDA, Tesco and BT have all set up call centres in India.
Why?
-Operating costs are 10-60% lower than the UK.
-Salaries are around £1200 per year instead of £12,000.
-Workers more willing to work 9-hour shifts.
-Developments in ICT have allowed fast clear communication.
You should have your own detailed case study of a TNC.
Example case study: Toyota.
-Began in Japan in 1937, 70 years later it is the biggest producer of cars in the
world.
-Profits $11 billion in 2006.
Began to develop overseas in the 1950s in Brazil.
Headquarters in Tokyo, with 250,000 workers employed in 26 countries.
December 1989 Toyota UK was established.
Global location of Toyota:
A case study of one TNC.
Deindustrialisation The rising industrial growth in
in MEDCs (UK,
some parts of the world and deJapan),
industrialisation in other parts.
industrialisation
in LEDCs
(China).
In many of the richest areas of the world manufacturing has declined. In Britain
the number of people employed in manufacturing fell from 6 million in 1981 to
2.49 million in 2010. This is a result of de-industrialisation.
Growth in some parts of the world, such as China has happened due to
special economic zones (areas that favour investment by giving tax breaks or
tax free zones), providing advanced factories, lack of regulations on working
conditions, ban on strikes.
China.
Development of China as the
new economic giant.
‘The new workshop of the world’. The new industrial giant.
China makes 60% of the worlds bicycles, 70% of the world’s shoes.
2000-2006 cloth manufacture more than doubled, car production x6.
Mobile phone ownership has increased x9 leading to more for China to
produce.
China overtook the USA for highest industrial output in 2012.
WHY? – government legislation: Foreign investment encouraged from 1977.
1980-1994 Special economic zones set up (SEZs)- provided tax incentives for
foreign companies. BIG reason for success.
The home market: (The home market are the Chinese people). One child
policy success increased wealth and consumer demand increased (people
could afford more electrical luxuries).
Olympics: 2008 Beijing, big showcase advert for the country. Attempt to
convey China as a modern open and friendly country.
Energy: China generates 2/3rds of its electricity in coal power stations. Also HEP
(13%) Three Gorges Dam.
Labour: Plenty of cheap labour in China. Wages 95% lower than in the USA.
Wind Energy in
Cornwall or UK.
Or any other
renewable
energy case
study.
Ways of achieving sustainable
development through the use of
renewable energy. A case study
of one type of renewable
energy.
Wind Power in the UK
-Aims to be responsible for 1/3rd of energy production.
-July 2011 number of wind farms 306.
-Mostly onshore locations.
-Future developments will be offshore.
- Size of turbine 100-120m.
Cornwall
recycling.
Ways of reducing the costs of
globalisation from local
(recycling/landfill) to global
(Carbon credits).
Carbon Credits
River Indus
Waters Treaty.
Political impact of the global
demand for more food –
potential for hostilities between
countries over the control of
water for irrigation.
Celebrity chef
Gordon
Ramsay.
Campaign to encourage the
increased use of locally
produced food.
Location requirements: Shallow waters off the coast of the UK are suitable.
Exposed location, whether onshore or offshore, clear of obstructions.
AGAINST: Noisy, avoided by birds, reduces local house prices. Eyesore.
FOR: Free energy, renewable, no green house gases or pollutants, small plot of
land needed, land around can still be used. No effect on sea life (offshore).
Useful for areas off the national grid.
Cornwall Council have to met targets set by the government for the amount of
rubbish they put into landfill. Therefore they encourage recycling by providing
bins and bags free of charge (council tax will go towards this), which are
collected fortnightly.
A carbon credit is a generic term for any tradable certificate or permit
representing the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or the mass of
another greenhouse gas with a carbon dioxide equivalent (tCO2e) equivalent
to one tonne of carbon dioxide.
The River Indus flows through India and Pakistan. The flow of the river is
seasonal, huge amount of water in the summer from flooding, much less in the
winter. It took 13 years of negotiations before the Indus Waters Treaty was
signed. There were concerns that India would build dams that would cut off
Pakistan. Treaty signed in 1960 meant that Pakistan had the westward flowing
rivers and India had the eastward flowing rivers. Resentment in Kashmir, India
as people believe that farming and irrigation has been limited due to them
being deprived of water.
Celebrity Chef Gordon Ramsey promoted the use of seasonal and local
vegetables and fruit in order to reduce and raise awareness of the worlds
increasing food miles. The campaign did not yield much success as he was
found to be using non-seasonal fruit and veg in his own restaurants. This shows
people recognise the importance of reducing food miles but find it difficult in
practice.