EMEPs contribution to a multi-purpose monitoring capasity
for atmospheric composition in Europe being compatible
with local and global initiatives
Conventions and Directives: user requirements
Atmospheric Chemistry Applications Workshop,
ESTEC, The Netherlands, 20-21. January 2004
Kjetil Tørseth,
NILU/EMEP-CCC
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Convention of Long-Range Transboundary
Air Pollution (CLRTAP)
Topics addressed by EMEP
Acidification and Eutrophication
Sulphur, Nitrogen, base cations
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1972 - 1977, OECD - LRTAP, 1972 - 1980,
SNSF
1979, Convention on LRTAP (entry into force
1983)
1984, Protocol on Financing of EMEP
1985, 1st. SO2-protocol (-30%, 1980-1993)
1988, 1st. NOx-protocol (0%, 1987-1994 (-30%,
12 countries)
1994, 2nd. SO2-protocol (differensiated
reductions based on critical loads and IAM)
1998, Heavy metals protocol
1998, POPs protocol
1999, 1st. Multi protocol; SOx-NOx-VOC
(differencated reductions)
•Photochemical oxidants
Tropospheric ozone, precursors (NOx, VOC)
•Heavy metals
Pb, Cd, Hg, +++
•Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
PAH, PCB, HCB, Chlordane,
DDT/DDE...
•Particulate matter
PM mass, chemical speciation, physical
characterisation
CLRTAP -> about 50 Parties
EMEP -> about 40 Parties
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
UN ECE Convention On Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
The EMEP vision;
To be the main science based and policydriven instrument for international
cooperation in atmospheric monitoring and
modelling activities, emission inventories
and projections, and integrated
assessment to help solve transboundary air
pollution problems in Europe
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Information fluxes within CLRTAP
Implementation
Committee
WGSR
WGE
EMEP
Assessment
of effects
Proposed
strategies
CCE
Critical load
maps
Critical load
Stock at risk
CIAM
Scenarios
Assessment of Air
Quality trends,
transport fluxes
Emission
data
Source-receptor
relationships
Costs,
technologies
MSC-W
MSC-E
Transport
fluxes
CCC
Emissions
Monitored
data
Countries
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Monthly values – SO4A
”Accumulated time series plot” – SO4A
BIRKENES
BIRKENES
80
www.emep.int
106
96
101
3
97
10
91
85
79
73
67
61
55
49
43
37
31
25
19
7
13
1
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
91
0
86
0
81
10
76
0.5
71
20
66
1
61
30
56
1.5
51
40
46
2
41
50
36
2.5
31
60
26
3
6
70
1
3.5
21
obs
mod
SO4A
16
obs
mod
11
4
www.nilu.no
Emitter-receiver calculations (Lead)
Transboundary transport, 2001
Depositions from Germany
EMEPMSC-E
Chemical Coordinating Centre
Depositions to Germany
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Intercontinental transport of Hg
Annual deposition of Hg in the
Northern Hemisphere (without
European sources)
EMEPMSC-E
Chemical Coordinating Centre
Relative contribution of external
sources to mercury deposition in
Europe
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Intercontinental transport of Hg
Deposition to Europe
Europe
120 t/y
Deposition from Europe, t/y
40
30
20
Asia
30 t/y 10
EMEPMSC-E
Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
South
America
Northern
Africa
Central
Asia
Eastern
Asia
0
Asian
Russia
America
Oceans North 10 t/y
23 t/y Africa
5 t/y
North
America
Equator
8 t/y
www.nilu.no
Air quality in Norway
1.6
Time series of SO4 i air
Trends
Birkenes
1.4
SO2, soot og NO2
(µg/m3)
Skreådalen
Kårvatn
60
Tustervatn
1.2
Lead
(µg/m3)
NO2
(Oct-Mar)
1,2
Soot
(Nov-Feb)
Jergul
50
1,0
40
0,8
30
0,6
1.0
0.8
0.6
20
0.4
SO2
(Oct-Mar)
10
0.2
0,4
Lead
(Feb)
0,2
0
1999
1998
1997
1996
1995
1994
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
1984
1983
1982
1981
1980
1979
1978
0.0
www.emep.int
0,0
1980
1985
1990
www.nilu.no
Critical loads
for waters
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
EMEP monitoring strategy, 2004-2009
Considerations;
•Long term operation of atmosperic chemistry monitoring is essential
•Process understanding, model development for cost efficient abatement and for documenting changes
•Several requirements
•Funding, Competence, Ovnership and user involvement, Transparency, Comparability,
•Foundation in Conventions or legislation is important to ensure long-term
operation
•It is in the interest of the Parties that framework monitoring is costefficient and have a multi-purpose application
•Make of use existing infrastructure and avoid duplication
•Integration of scales
•Integration of topics
•How to make use of ”best science” and new technologies
•But at the same time conserve consistency
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Regional monitoring programmes on atmospheric chemical composition
•Various national programmes
•European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme (EMEP)
•CLRTAP Working Group on Effects (ICP-F, ICP-IM, ICP-V…)
•World Meteorological Organisation - Global Atmosphere Watch (WMO-GAW)
•Marine Conventions (OSPAR, HELCOM)
•Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Programme (AMAP)
•EC AQFD (EiO, EIONET)
•UNEP Global POPs network
•EANET
•Research networks, EUROTRAC, FP4,FP5,FP6 campaigns, CALVAL etc.
•Formal links are established with most international organisations
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
The strategy addresses;
EMEPs strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, in
relation to its objectives, and the requirements of the CLRTAP
How can EMEP contribute to a monitoring capacity for other
purposes
The need to establish more formal monitoring requirements for
those participating in order to improve the compliance
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Key elements in the new strategy
Requirements with respect to
site location, representativity,
network density
parameters to be requested
temporal resolution
methods to be used
new opportunities
Describes the various
topics, current status and
monitoring requirements
Level 1 requirements
Proposal for level 2
Level 3 activities required
Financial constraints
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
Network density
Reflect phenomenon of interest
Resolve geographical gradients
Correspond with model resolution
users request higher resolution
”All” Parties should participate
Lower density at level 2 and level 3
Parameters
required to adequately understand...
having an effect
Precursors, indirectly influencing,..
Use other data where existing and
relevant
New substances
Temporal resolution
Correspond with model resolution
Correspond with relevant processes
Allow the study air mass origin
Data quality
New use; intercont., EO, data
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
assimilation...
Mandatory requirement programme
Objectives of monitoring programme
•establish pollutant concentrations and depositionfluxes
on the regional scale, including intercontinental
transport and boundary conditions for urban air quality;
the trends with time; and sensitivity to European
emission reductions,
•assess the success of international abatement
strategies for atmospheric pollutants,
•improve the understanding of atmospheric chemical
and physical processes and provide data for the
validation of models
•provide data which in conjunction with models
are the basis for the assessment of environmental
problems related to air pollution including comparison
with effect thresholds and exposure levels
•provide measurements required to assess the effects
of atmospheric pollutants
•serve to explore the distribution of new substances and
support the development of cost-effective abatement
strategies
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
Level 1
Parameters of general interest for all EMEP themes; major inorganic
compounds in precipitation and in air, heavy metals in precipitations,
ozone, PM10 mass concentration, meteorology,
permanent monitoring at about 125 sites (80 sites for heavy metals)
Level 2 (supersites)
Topic specific; acidification and eutrophication, photochemical
oxidants, heavy metals, persistent organic pollutants, particulate
matter, should in addition include level 1 parameters.
Permanent monitoring at about 15-25 sites with proper regional
distribution.
Voluntary programme
Level 3 sites (supersites)
Topic specific; highly specialised measurements, may include
campaign data, do not require all level 1/level 2 parameters to be
measured. About 10-15 sites.
Associated sites
Use of data available from other bodies under the CLRTAP
(e.g. WGE), monitoring in support of the EU air quality framework
directive (and daughter directives)(O3, PM10). ozone soundings,
300-500 sites.
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
Status
EMEP has widened its scope without associated funding being provided
Many Parties have expressed their strong support in introducing formal
requirements
Most countries perform monitoring in excess of EMEP requirements
Development of (joint) supersites is in good progress
Concern by some parties that their EMEP budgets are limited and strategic
discussion nationally on how to put priority between requirements from different
frameworks/Conventions seem difficult
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
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Large part of the EMEP domaign has insufficient site/parameter
density
•
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(South, East, aerosol data, gas-particle resolved chemistry, flux data)
Currently we see a large increase in monitoring efforts made across
Europe, but the EMEP programme generally receives reduced resources
nationally
2500
EMEP ozone sites
EMEP VOC sites
1958
2000
2033
AIRBASE (total#)
1569
1500
AIRBASE
BACKGROUND
RURAL
EMEP
1067
1000
500
369
123
114
28
318
93
316
SO2
NO2
76
0
O3
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
PM10
www.nilu.no
Programme
Mandatory
for all Parties
Parameters
Level-1 sites (all parameters are required to be monitored)
Inorganic compounds in
SO4--, NO 3- , NH 4+ , H+ (pH), Na+ , K+ , Ca++ , M g++ , Cl- (cond)
precipitation
Inorganic compounds in
SO2, SO 4--, NO 3-, HNO 3, NH4+ , NH3, (sNO 3, sNH 4), Na+ , K + ,
air
Ca++ , M g++ , NO2
Gas particle ratio
NH 3, HNO 3 (in combination with filter pack sampling)
Heavy metals in
Cd, Pb (1st priority), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority)
precipitation
PM 10 mass concentration
PM 10 PM2,5
Ozone
O3
Precipitation amount (RR), temperature (T), wind direction (dd),
M eteorology
wind speed (ff), relative humidity (rh), atmospheric pressure (pr)
Level-2 sites (in addition to level-1 parameters);
Acidification and eutrophication
Gas particle ratio
NH 3/NH 4, HNO 3/NO 3 (artefact-free methods)
Ammonia in emission
NH 3 (low-cost methods)
areas (high spatial
resolution)
15-25 sites
across Europe
(regional
collaboration)
Measurement
period/Frequency
24h/daily
24h/daily
monthly/monthly
weekly
24h/daily
continuous/hourly
continuous/hourly
24h/daily
monthly/monthly
Photochemical oxidants
NO x
Light hydrocarbons
Carbonyls
NO, NO 2
C2-C7
Aldehydes and ketones
continuous/hourly
grab samp. or c/h
8h/2 days/week
Heavy metals
M ercury in precipitation
M ercury in air
Heavy metals in air
Hg
Hg (TGM ),
Cd, Pb (1st priority.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority)
monthly
24h/weekly
weekly/weekly
Persistent organic pollutants
POPs in precipitation
PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE
POPs in air
PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE
Particulate matter
PM mass
Gas particle ratio
Speciation vs. size (PM 2.5
and PM 10)
M ineral dust
elemental carbon (EC)
organic carbon (OC)
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
PM 101, PM 2.5
NH 3/NH 4, HNO 3/NO 3
SO4--, NO 3- , NH 4, Na+ , K + , Ca++ , M g+ (Cl-)
Si
EC, OC
www.emep.int
weekly/weekly
48h/weekly
24h/daily
24h/daily
weekly/weekly
weekly/weekly
weekly/weekly
www.nilu.no
Voluntary (also non-EMEP)
Level-3 sites (do not require all level-1 and level-2 parameters)
Dry deposition flux of
SO2, NH3, HNO 3 (SO4-- , NH4+ , NO 3-)
sulphur and nitrogen
species
Dry deposition flux of O 3
O3
Hydrocarbons
C6-C12
Vertical profiles
O3 soundings, PM lidar,
NOy chemistry
NO, NO 2, PAN, organic nitrates
M ercury speciation
TGM , RGM and TPM
Congener-specific POPs
PCBs, PAHs, PCDDs and PCDFs
M ulti-compartment (air,
POPs and Hg
soil, water)
Size/number distribution
dN/dlogDp
Light scattering
Aerosol optical depth
OC speciation
water soluble and water insoluble OC
“Black carbon”
BC
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no
SOURCES
TRACE GASES
ISSUES
RECEPTORS/TARGETS
SO2
Acidification
NH3
Energy
CO2
Agriculture
& forestry
Groundwater
Nitrogen
Eutrophication
Lakes
Industry
N2O
Effects of
elevated CO2
NOx
Climate
change
Terrestrial
ecosystems
VOC
Regional O3
Traffic
Marine
environment
CO
CH4
Terrestrial
ecosystems
CFC, HFC,
SF6….
Free tropos.
O3
Agriculture
& forestry
Toxicity
Humans and
animals
Toxins
HM’s, POP’s
EMEP Chemical Coordinating Centre
www.emep.int
www.nilu.no