What is an element?
How are electrons arranged in
an atom?.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all
atoms of a particular element?
Where do we find all the elements?
Complete the table to show the properties
of the sub-atomic particles.
What is the overall charge on an
atom? Explain your answer.
Sub-atomic
particle
Complete the equation
Label the diagram to show the
structure of an atom.
the
alkali
metals
so
noble
1/1840
Complete the diagram to show
the electronic structure of
magnesium.
Mg
Neutrons
Hydrogen
Li2O
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water
30
Give
the
electronic
configuration of the following
elements.
Silicon
Helium
Lithium
Argon
What happens to mass in a
chemical reaction?
Mass number:
Electrons
Li + O2
Potassium
What do the following tell you?
Atomic number:
Balance the equation
below and
explain
what it shows.
Number of
Protons
Write the chemical symbols for
the following elements:
Oxygen
Sodium
Fluorine
Nitrogen
gases
What type of boding occurs
between non-metals?
Element
1
.
Complete the table below.
Relative
mass
0
Describe how a metal and nonmetal react to form an ionic
bond.
Why are the
unreactive?
Relative
charge
Proton
Sodium + Oxygen
Why are
reactive?
Why are nitrogen and phosphorus
both in group 5?
What is an element?
Substanve made of
only one type of
atom.
How are electrons arranged in
an atom?.
In different energy levels.
What sub-atomic particle is the same in all
atoms of a particular element?
Protons
Where do we find all the elements?
In the periodic table
What is the overall charge on an
atom? Explain your answer.
Neutral
The number of electrons, which are
negtive, is equal to the number of
protons, which are positive
Label the diagram to show the
structure of an atom.
electron
neutron
proton
nucleus
Why are the alkali metals so
reactive?
They only have one electron in their
outer energy level.
Complete the table to show the properties
of the sub-atomic particles.
Sub-atomic
particle
Complete the equation
Sodium + Oxygen
Describe how a metal and
metal react to form an
bond.
Metal loses electrons,
becomes a positive ion
Non-metal gains electrons
becomes of positive ion
Sodium oxide
nonionic
and
and
What type of boding occurs
between non-metals?
Covalent
Balance the equation
below and
explain
what it shows.
Number of
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Potassium
19
21
19
Hydrogen
1
0
1
Zinc
30
35
30
2Li + O2
Relative
charge
+1
1
Neutron
0
1
Electron
-1
1/1840
Write the chemical symbols for
the following elements:
Oxygen O
Sodium Na
Fluorine F
Nitrogen N
Mg
What do the following tell you?
Atomic number: number of
protons in an atom
Mass number: number of protons
and neutrons in an atom
Li2O
2 atoms of lithium
React with one molecule of oxygen
To form 1 molecule of lithium oxide
Relative
mass
Proton
Complete the diagram to show
the electronic structure of
magnesium.
Why are the noble gases
unreactive?
They have a full outer shell of
electrons.
Complete the table below.
Element
Why are nitrogen and phosphorus
both in group 5?
They both have five electrons in
their highest energy level
Give
the
electronic
configuration of the following
elements.
Silicon 2, 8, 4
Helium 2
Lithium 2, 1
Argon 2, 8, 8
What happens to mass in a
chemical reaction?
It is conserved.
Complete the equation
Lithium + Water
Lithium+ Hydrogen
Hydroxide
Give the chemical name
and formula for
limestone.
What is a thermal
decomposition reaction?
Describe a positive test
for carbon dioxide.
Write word and symbol equations to show what
happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
Give 2 environmental problems
with the extraction of limestone.
Use the following formula CaCO3to
complete the table below:
Write word and symbol equations for the
thermal decomposition of limestone
Symbol
Why don’t all the group 1 metal
carbonates decompose in the lab?
Element
Number of atoms
in compound
Ca
C
O
Give an advantage to residents
of having a limestone quarry in
the local area.
Complete the following equations
Calcium
+ Carbon
Hydroxide Dioxide
Complete the flow chart to show how
different substances can be made from
limestone.
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
Limestone
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid
reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric
Carbonate
Acid
+
Carbonate
+
Mix with ______
Mix with sand
Copper
Sulphate
Nitric
Acid
Heat with clay
Zinc
+
Nitrate
+ Carbon + Water
Dioxide
+
Water
____________
Concrete
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Give the chemical name
and formula for
limestone.
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
What is a thermal
decomposition reaction?
Breaking down a substance
using heat
Give 2 environmental problems
with the extraction of limestone.
•Quarries destroy habitats
•Vehicles used to transport
limestone
increase
carbon
dioxide emissions
•Dust pollution
Why don’t all the group 1 metal
carbonates decompose in the lab?
Bunsen burner does not reach high
enough temperatures
Describe a positive test
for carbon dioxide.
Limewater turns from
clear to cloudy
CaO + H2O
Ca(OH)2
Symbol
Element
Calcium
carbonate
Calcium + Carbon
oxide
dioxide
Ca
Calcium
1
CaCO3
CaO + CO2
C
Carbon
1
O
Oxygen
3
Calcium
+ Water
Carbonate
Ca(OH)2 + CO2
CaCO3 + H2O
Give an advantage to residents
of having a limestone quarry in
the local area.
•Provides jobs
•Increases local trade
Number of atoms
in compound
Complete the flow chart to show how
different substances can be made from
limestone.
Limestone
Complete the following equations to show what happens when an acid
reacts with a carbonate.
Magnesium + Hydrochloric
Carbonate
Acid
Magnesium + Carbon + Water
Chloride
Dioxide
Copper
+ Sulphuric
Carbonate
Acid
Copper
Sulphate
Nitric
Acid
Calcium
hydroxide
Write word and symbol equations for the
thermal decomposition of limestone
Calcium
+ Carbon
Hydroxide Dioxide
+
Calcium + Water
Oxide
Use the following formula CaCO3to
complete the table below:
Complete the following equations
Zinc
Carbonate
Write word and symbol equations to show what
happens when water is added to calcium oxide.
+ Carbon + Water
Dioxide
Zinc
+ Carbon +
Nitrate Dioxide
Water
Heat with clay
Cement
Mix with sand
Mortar
Mix with sand and
aggregate
Concrete
Give one use of calcium hydroxide
Neutralising acidic soils or lakes
What is an ore?
Why do we have to use chemical
reactions to extract most metals?
What is the name given to the
group of metals in the centre
of the periodic table?
What is meant by reduction?
What is an alloy?
What does it mean if a metal is found
native? Give an example.
Write word and symbol
reduction of iron oxide.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive
to extract?
for
the
Give two problems with the extraction of
copper.
.
Give two reasons for recycling metals
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited
in terms of usefulness?
What is electrolysis?
equations
Why can’t aluminium be extracted
by reduction with carbon?
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap
iron.
What element is used
to reduce metal
oxides?
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to
work?
Name two novel methods of extracting copper
and describe each.
Why are metals such as copper and
gold normally made into alloys?
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping?
Draw a labeled diagram to show the
structure of steel.
Give a property of
Low carbon steels:
High carbon steels:
Stainless steels:
What two things are metals
good at conducting?
Electrical wiring?
Why
is
electrolysis
expensive?
so
What properties of aluminium
and titanium make them useful?
What is an ore?
A naturally occurring rock that
contains enough metal to make it
economic to extract.
Why do we have to use chemical
reactions to extract most metals?
They are reactive so are found in
the crust as compounds.
What is the name given to the
group of metals in the centre
of the periodic table?
Transition metals
What does it mean if a metal is found
native? Give an example.
Metal found as it’s element e.g Gold
Give two problems with the extraction of
copper.
Copper rich ores are becoming scarce
Mining and extraction cause major
environmental problems
Give two reasons for recycling metals
•Extracting them uses up limited
resources
•Extraction requires large amounts of
energy
•Extraction is harmful for the environment
Why is iron from the blast furnace limited
in terms of usefulness?
It contains about 4% carbon so is brittle
Why can’t aluminium be extracted
by reduction with carbon?
Aluminium is more reactive than
carbon
Explain why copper can be extracted using scrap
iron.
Iron is more reactive than copper so displaces it
from its salt.
Draw a labeled diagram to show the
structure of steel.
carbon
iron
What is an alloy?
Mixture of a metal with other
elements
Write word and symbol
reduction of iron oxide.
Why are aluminum and titanium expensive
to extract?
there are many stages in the processes
large amounts of energy are needed.
What is electrolysis?
Using electricity to remove a
metal from its ore.
What is meant by reduction?
The removal of oxygen
What element is used
to reduce metal
oxides?
Carbon
Why are metals such as copper and
gold normally made into alloys?
They are too soft to use in their pure
form
Give a property of
Low carbon steels: malleable
High carbon steels: hard
Stainless steels: resistant to corrosion
What two things are metals
good at conducting?
Heat
Electricity
Iron
oxide
+ Carbon
2Fe2O3 +3 C
equations
for
the
Iron + Carbon
dioxide
4Fe + 3 CO2
Why must compounds be molten for electrolysis to
work?
So the positive metal ions are free to move to the
negative electrode
Name two novel methods of extracting copper
and describe each.
Phytomining
- plants absorb the metal
compounds; plants then burned to produce ash
to release metal compounds
Bioleaching – uses bacteria to produce a
leachate from which metal can be extracted
What properties of copper make it useful for:
Piping? Resistant too corrosion; hard but easy to
shape
Electrical wiring? Ductile; good conductor of
electricity
Why
is
electrolysis
so
expensive?
It uses large amounts of
energy
What properties of aluminium
and titanium make them useful?
Low density
Resistant to corrosion
What is a hydrocarbon?
Why are alkanes considered to be
saturated?
Name two gases that
cause acid rain
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their
formulae and draw their structure.
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
What is the general
formula for an alkane?
Give 2 examples of biofuels.
For alkanes, describe how the following
properties of a molecule change with
increasing size:
■ boiling point
■ viscosity
What type of
bonding occurs
in alkanes?
Give the formula for the
following molecule
Describe how fractional distillation can
be used to separate crude oil.
What
are
particulates?
What are the advantages of
using biofuels instead of
fossil fuels?
■ flammability
What is the name used to
describe the reaction between
an element and oxygen to form
an oxide?
What process is used to
separate crude oil?
What is a biofuel?
Write word and symbol equations for the
combustion of propane.
Why are carbon dioxide and
water produced when an
alkane burns?
What dangerous gas is produced when a
fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen?
Why is it dangerous?
Give a disadvantage of
using biofuels instead of
fossil fuels?
Give an environmental
consequence of:
Carbon dioxide
Particulates
What is a hydrocarbon?
Compound made of
hydrogen and carbon
atoms only.
Why are alkanes considered to be
saturated?
They have the maximum number of
hydrogen atoms possible per
molecule
Why is crude oil called a mixture?
It contains many different
hydrocarbons that are not
chemically bonded to each other.
What is the general
formula for an alkane?
CnH2n + 2
For alkanes, describe how the following
properties of a molecule change with
increasing size:
■ boiling point
Bigger molecules have higher bps
■ viscosity
Bigger molecules are more viscous
■ flammability
Bigger molecules are harder to light
What type of
bonding occurs
in alkanes?
Covalent
What
are
particulates?
Small
solid
particles of soot
and
unburnt
hydrocarbons
What is a biofuel?
Fuel made from plant
matter
Write word and symbol equations for the
combustion of propane.
Propane + Oxygen
Carbon + Water
Dioxide
C3H8 + 5O2
Name the first 3 alkanes, give their
formulae and draw their structure.
Methane CH4
Ethane C2H8
Give 2 examples of biofuels.
Biodiesel
Ethanol
What is the name used to
describe the reaction between
an element and oxygen to form
an oxide?
Oxidation
Name two gases that
cause acid rain
Sulphur dioxide
Nitrogen oxides
3CO2 + 4H2O
What process is used to
separate crude oil?
Fractional distillation
Propane C3H10
Give the formula for the
following molecule
C6H14
What are the advantages of
using biofuels instead of
fossil fuels?
Renewable
Uses plant waste
Less pollution
Why are carbon dioxide and
water produced when an
alkane burns?
The hydrogen and carbon in
the fuel react with oxygen
in the air.
Describe how fractional distillation can
be used to separate crude oil.
•Crude oil is evaporated
•The gases are condensed at different
temperatures
•Larger molecules collect first at base of
column (higher temperatures)
What dangerous gas is produced when a
fuel burns in a limited supply of oxygen?
Why is it dangerous?
Carbon monoxide
Prevents transport of oxygen in the
blood
Give a disadvantage of
using biofuels instead of
fossil fuels?
Uses crops that could be
food / require lots of land
Give an environmental
consequence of:
Carbon dioxide
Global warming
Particulates
Global dimming
What is the raw
material for making
plastics?
Give a definition of a polymer.
What is the function of a
catalyst?
.
Why is it important to recycle
plastics?
What groups of molecules are produced
by cracking?
What is an alkene.
Give
a
definition
hydrocarbon
of
What is cracking?
a
Describe how you would test a
hydrocarbon to find out if it was
unsaturated. Include the expected
result in your answer.
What is the general formula for an
alkene?
Draw the structure of propene and give
its molecular formula.
What is the name of the process when ethanol is
made from sugar?
What is a biodegradable polymer?
What substance is
used to make a plastic
biodegradable?
Name this molecule
Why are hydrogels
useful?
What catalyst is used to
crack hydrocarbons in
the lab?
What
special
property
does
a
shape
memory
polymer have?
Draw a diagram to show
the product of reaction
between
ethene
and
bromine water?
Complete the diagram below to show the formation
of PVC from chloroethene
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of
making ethanol from sugar cane.
Write an equation for the
formation of ethanol from ethene.
l
What is the raw
material for making
plastics?
Crude oil
Give a definition of a polymer.
Very large long chain molecule made up
of lots of small repeating units called
monomers
Why is it important to recycle
plastics?
They are made from crude oil, which
is a finite resource.
We are running out of landfill space
Give
a
definition
of
a
hydrocarbon Compound made of
hydrogen and carbon atoms only
Describe how you would test a
hydrocarbon to find out if it was
unsaturated. Include the expected
result in your answer.
Shake with bromine water
Turns orange to colourless if
unsaturated.
What is the function of a
catalyst?
To speed up a chemical
reaction.
What is cracking?
Breaking long chain hydrocarbons
into smaller, more useful molecules.
What groups of molecules are produced
by cracking?
Alkanes and alkenes
What is an alkene.
Unsaturted
hydrocarbon.
What is the general formula for an
alkene? CnH2n
Draw the structure of propene and give
its molecular formula.
What is a biodegradable polymer?
Polymer that can be decomposed by soil
microbes
What substance is
used to make a plastic
biodegradable?
Cornstarch
Why are hydrogels
useful?
They absorb water
C3H6
What is the name of the process when ethanol is
made from sugar?
fermentaiton
Complete the diagram below to show the formation
of PVC from chloroethene
What catalyst is used to
crack hydrocarbons in
the lab?
Ceramic pot
What
special
property
does
a
shape
memory
polymer have?
Returns
to
its
original
shape
following heating or
cooling
Give an advantage and a disadvantage of
making ethanol from sugar cane.
There is a plentiful supply of sugar cane /
sugar cane is renewable (unlike crude oil)
Uses crops that would otherwise be used
for food / takes a lot of space
Name this molecule
ethene
Draw a diagram to show
the product of reaction
between
ethene
and
bromine water?
Write an equation for the
formation of ethanol from ethene.
Ethene + water -> Ethanol
What is the difference
between a saturated and
unsaturated vegetable oil?
What is a disadvantage of using
vegetable oil rather than water
for cooking?
Give two uses of
vegetable oil
What happens
when you add oil to
water?
Give two sources of
vegetable oil.
What is an advantage of using oil
rather than water in cooking?
Which
are
healthier,
unsaturated or saturated fats?
Explain your answer.
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s
structure.
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
How can you distinguish
between a saturated and
unsaturated vegetable oil?
Name two types of
emulsion.
How could you turn an unsaturated
vegetable oil into margarine? Give the
reaction conditions.
Complete the diagram to show the
hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
Draw a diagram to show how
an emulsifier works.
Give one advantage and one disadvantage
of using pressing rather than distillation
to extract vegetable oil.
Advantage
Disadvantage
What is the name of the reaction
when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
What is the difference
between a saturated and
unsaturated vegetable oil?
Unsaturated has a double
carbon-carbon bond
What is a disadvantage of using
vegetable oil rather than water
for cooking?
Vegetable oil has a high calorific
value
Give two sources of
vegetable oil.
Fruits, seeds, nuts
What is an advantage of using oil
rather than water in cooking?
Oil has a higher boiling point so
food cooks quicker
Food tastes better / is crispier
Which
are
healthier,
unsaturated or saturated fats?
Explain your answer.
Saturated – they can raise
blood cholesterol (which can
lead to cardiovascular disease)
Draw a diagram to show how
an emulsifier works.
Head –
attracted
to water
Give two uses of
vegetable oil
Cooking
Fuel / biodiesel
What happens
when you add oil to
water?
They don’t mix /
form separate
layers
What is an emulsifier? Describe it’s
structure.
Substance that makes two immiscible
substances mix.
Has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and
hydrophobic (water hating) tail
Why are vegetable oils hardened?
The hydrogenated oils have higher
melting points so they are solids at
room
temperature, making them useful as
spreads and in cakes and pastries
Give one advantage and one disadvantage
Emulsifier of using pressing rather than distillation
molecule to extract vegetable oil.
Advantage Quicker; cheaper
Disadvantage Product is less pure / may
need further treatment
Tail – attracted to oil
How can you distinguish
between a saturated and
unsaturated vegetable oil?
Add
bromine
water.
Unsaturated
turns
bromine water colourless.
Saturated stays orange.
Name two types of
emulsion.
salad dressings,, paints,
ice creams, cosmetics
How could you turn an unsaturated
vegetable oil into margarine? Give the
reaction conditions.
Add hydrogen;
Nickel catalyst
60oC
Complete the diagram to show the
hydrogenation of propene.
+ H2
What is the name of the reaction
when hydrogen is added to an alkene?
Hydrogenation
Label the diagram of the earth
Why is an increase in the levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for
marine life?
Explain the differences in the
amount of carbon dioxide in the early
atmosphere compared to today.
Why do earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions happen?
What parts of the Earth
do we get our minerals
from?
How can the gases in
the air be separated?
What is a tectonic
plate?
What evidence is there
that the plates are moving?
How did the Earth’s early
oceans form?
Explain why the plates
move
Label the pie chart with the names
and percentages of gases to show
the composition of the Earth’s
atmosphere today.
Why is there so little
carbon dioxide in today’s
atmosphere?.
Why was
theory
rejected?
Wegener;s
initially
.
Give 2 pieces of evidence that
support Wegener;s theory.
What did the MillerUrey experiment show?
What was responsible
for the composition of
Earth’s early
atmosphere?
Label the diagram of the earth
Crust
Mantle
Why is an increase in the levels of
atmospheric carbon dioxide harmful for
marine life?
Carbon dioxide dissolves in the oceans,
making them more acidic.
Why do earthquakes and volcanic
eruptions happen?
Sudden movements at plate
boundaries
Core
Atmosphere
What parts of the Earth
do we get our minerals
from?
The crust, the
atmosphere and
the oceans
How can the gases in
the air be separated?
By
fractional
distillation as they
have different boiling
points.
Why was Wegener;s
theory
initially
rejected?
No evidence at time
Theory of land bridge
more popular
Present day animals not
similar on different
continents
What is a tectonic
plate?
Section of the crust
Explain why the plates
move
Radioactive decay in the
core
Releases heat that is
transferred
to
the
mantle
And causes convection
currents
What did the MillerUrey experiment show?
That amino acids could
be formed from the
interaction
of
hydrocarbons
and
ammonia with lightning.
Explain the differences in the
amount of carbon dioxide in the early
atmosphere compared to today.
Plants photosynthesised
Used up carbon dioxide
Produced oxygen
What evidence is there
that the plates are moving?
Sea floor is spreading
How did the Earth’s early
oceans form?
As the earth cooled, the
water vapour in the
atmosphere condensed
Why is there so little
carbon dioxide in today’s
atmosphere?.
Most of it is dissolved in
the oceans or trapped in
sedimentary rocks as
carbonates or fossil fuels.
What was responsible
for the composition of
Earth’s early
atmosphere?
Volcanic eruptions
Label the pie chart with the names
and percentages of gases to show
the composition of the Earth’s
atmosphere today.
Trace
gases
(argon,
water
vapour) –
1%
Oxygenn –
20%
Nitrogen –
80%
Carbon
dioxide –
0.003%
Give 2 pieces of evidence that
support Wegener;s theory.
Land
masses
on
different
continents have coastlines that
fit together
Similar fossils found on different
continents