Listening Theory (Midterm Part)
Listening enable you: benefit
The benefit of listening
(Mid-term)
To learn – to know the other/the world
To relate – to get acceptance
To influence – to change the other’s ideas
To play – to share pleasures
To help – to assist others in some ways
EX. your son has some problems with his friend so your son consults the problem with mother.
We can relate to
1. To learn – to learn the problem what happen and how we can solve, which ways are better.
2. To relate – we got acceptance from son
3. To help – mother help/suggest son to solve the problem
The process of Listening
Listening Cycle (Midterm 2012)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Receiving
Understanding
Remembering
Evaluating
Responding
1. Receiving
 Receive both verbal and non-verbal messages
-Hearing the verbal signals
-Seeing the non-verbal signals

Reception techniques
1. Focus on verbal and non-verbal message
2. Avoid distraction in the environment
2. Understanding
Understand the full message:
The speaker’s though, ideas and emotional tone
Improved understanding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Avoid assuming before listening
Relate new information to known ones
See from the speaker’s point of views
Ask questions to clarify
Rephrase the speaker’s ideas in your own words.
3. Remembering
“Reconstruction” the message so I can remember it more easily
To take notes or record message
Improving message memory:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Get the main ideas
Summaries message – don’t ignore crucial details
Do not distort the meaning
Repeat aloud names and key concepts
4. Evaluating
 Judging the value of the message and underlying intentions
 If you know the speaker well, you will know the meaning/intension
Evaluation
1.
2.
3.
4.
Don’t evaluate until you understand the whole message
Asking for clarifying questions
Distinguish facts from inferences
Identify your bias/self interest
5. Responding
Responding while speaker is speaking


Should be supportive and acknowledging
Should contain back channel cues “I see” “Yes” “Uh-huh”
Evaluation




Can express empathy
Can ask for clarification
Can be challenge
Can be supportive
Effective
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Very back channeling cues
Use empathy to support to speaker
Be honest
Use “I-message”
No “I know it all”
Implications of Listening
1. Skills in language: attention and concentration(receiving), learning(understanding), memory,
critical thinking(evaluation) and competence in giving feedback(responding)
2. All five stages overlap
3. Listening is never perfect ex. Dress’s Jame is not beautiful and Jame ask you for her dress but
you say “your dress is so so”.
Listening and Culture
1. Language and speech
 Same language speakers and listeners can have different meaning and accents
 2nd language learners will have greater differences
 Accent differ according to different races
 2nd language is influenced by 1st language in providing different accents
Ex. the way you pronounce the language it’s base on mother language
Such as Japanese – computer (คอมพิวตาร์ ), Singaporean – computer (คอมพิวเตอระ), Thai – computer
(คอมพิวเตอร์ long ter)
2. Nonverbal Behavioral Differences
 Cultural rules control appropriate and inappropriate nonverbal behaviors in public setting
 Listen not only to speech but also to nonverbal language
 Different cultures have different meaning
For example, the meaning of the thumb and forefinger forming a circle- United State (Okay),
Japan (money), Some Mediterranean countries (zero), Tunisia (I’ll kill you)
3. Feedback
 Direct feedback – provides honest reflection of listener’s feelings
 Indirect feedback – more important to be positive than truthful
 Need to recognize the differences in giving feedback in different cultures
Listening and Gender
Questions for Discussion

Men and women are equally effective as listener. Do you agree or disagree?
Women
Listening to gain relationship
Rarely interrupt the speaker
Seek to be liked, giving a lot of cues verbally and
nonverbally
Often do not show their expertise
Communicate the same way with other woman as
with men
Men
Listening to gain respect
Interrupt more, often change topic and use and
use fewer listening cues
Constantly seek superiority over women
Show more of their expertise
Communicate the same way with other women as
with men
Daily Life Listening
How to listen?
“what’s important is not just what we’re listening to. It’s what we’re listening for.”
Two types of Daily life listening
1) Listening for gist
 To get the main point of what we are listening to
 Native speakers do this type of listening
 2nd language learners find it more difficult
 Listening for gist is a lot like skimming
2) Listening for detail
 To understand everything but not every word
 40% of the words are non-essential
 Separate what’s important and what’s not
 Similar to the reading
Four dimensions of listening (depend on the situation you are in)
1)
2)
3)
4)
Mid-term 2012
Empathic and Objective listening
Non-judgmental and critical listening
Surface and depth listening
Active and inactive surfer
Empathic and objective listening
If you’re to understand what a person means and what a person is feeling you need to listen with some
degree of empathy.


Empathic listening is very supportive and help you enhance your relationship
Sometime you need to listen with objectivity what is the fact and what is the speaker’s feeling
Non-judgmental and critical listening



Listen for understanding then evaluate only after fully understanding the meaning of the
message
Listen with an open mind to get a clear understanding of the speaker’s intention
Listen critically to be able to make a proper evaluation or judgment
Surface and depth listening
We need to know not only the obvious meaning but also the hidden meaning

Surface meaning
-message can be understood from the literal aspects of meaning

Depth meaning
-it’s necessary to realize that the speaker is soliciting something more than what is said in
surface meaning
Ex. Your girlfriend said that “this bag very beautiful”
Surface meaning = the bag is beautiful
Depth meaning = she want to get the bag and she want you to buy for her
Active and inactive sulfur
Being an active listener, you will reflect back (Paragraph)
1) Paraphrase the speaker’s meaning
- Use your own word to tell what you think of the speaker’s meaning
Ex. John, you still don’t forget her
2) Express understanding of the speaker’s feeling
-don’t over or understate feelings
Ex. You must be depressed
3) Ask questions
-to make you understand clearly and to get more information
-do not ask unrelated questions
-do not challenge the speaker
Ex. How long do you broke up with her?
Academic listening Note Taking
Three Methods of Note-taking
Mid-term 2012
1) The outline method
2) The charting method
3) The sentence method
The outline method
Method- listening and then write in points in an organized pattern based on space indention
Advantages- outlining records content as well as relationships
Disadvantages- this system cannot be used if the lecture is too fast
When to use- when there is enough time in the lecture to think about and make organization decisions
when they are needed.
The Charting Method
Method- The method that drawing columns and labeling appropriate heading in a table when the
lecture is chronological
Advantage-reduce amount of writing necessary
Disadvantages- learning how to use the system and locating the appropriate categories
When to use- content is heavy and presented fast
The sentence of method
Method- write every new thought, fact or topic on a separate line, numbering as you progress
Advantages- more organized than the paragraph
Disadvantages- difficult to edit without having to rewrite by clustering points which are related and
difficult to review unless editing cleans up relationship
***Technique to get extra marks***
1. Write in brief
2. Write in your own word
3.If you miss something, write key word
Business Listening
Types of Interview
Midterm 2012
1. The screening Interview
-To find our your minimum qualification
2. The selection Interview
-To get to know your personality
3. The group Interview
-To separate the readers from the followers
4. The Panel Interview
-To test you with a chunk of questions
5. To Stress Interview
-To see how well you handle the situations
Preparing for an Interview
1. Research the company
-gather as much information about the employers as you can
2. Research yourself
-You might want to prepare for answering questions by listing some of your attributes. Talk to
former co-workers with whom you worked closely. Ask them to list some traits about you that
they most admired
3. Practice how to answer the question
-To rehearse in front of a video camera. Study your posture, the way you make eye contact, and
your body language
Dressing for a job Interview
-First impression
-Be appropriate, but not different
-Neat hair
-Well manicured with neutral color
-Natural look make up
-Avoid perfume or cologne
Remember to

Establish Rapport on a job interview
-Greeting or handshaking
-Same tone of voice

Be aware of your body language
-eye contact
-sincere smiling
-Gesture
Answering interview question.
Can you tell me about yourself?
Why do you want to work here?
What is your greatest weakness?
Why did you leave your last job?
Tricky Question
Illegal question – Are you married? How many you have kid?
Money question – how much salary do I get?
Meeting
(Not in the Midterm exam)


A fact of life in business, industry, and government
Two purposes
-exchange information
-make decision (ex. giving the vote who is the next chair person?)
Agenda (order of business)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
A list of topic to be taken up and acted upon during a meeting, arranged in the order in which
the topics will be considered
Set the addenda so participants know the meeting’s purpose beforehand
Do not include too many items on the agenda. Leave time for discussion of each item
Begin the meeting on schedule
Start the purpose of the issue to be discussed
Give all members a chance to speak
Don’t allow lengthy or irrelevant discussion
Work toward a consensus by summarizing points of agreement
Ask probing questions to keep the discussion moving
Summarize major points before calling for a vote
End the meeting on schedule
**************************** Good luck of Midterm exam*****************************
Do not remember the theory because it is apply questions. And the teacher will open tape in the room.
Student has to understand and summarize it.
Final Part
Idiomatic Expressions
Idioms
About to
All at one
As a rule
At ease
At the drop of a hat
Back out (of)
Be my guest
Beats me
Better off
Bound to
Break down
Break in (on someone)
Break the ice
Break up
A breeze
Bring up
Bump into
By and large
By heart
By no means
Call it a day
Call off
Call on
Calm down
Care for
Catch on
Catch on to
Check in (into)
Check out (of)
Cheer up
Chip in
Clear up
Come across
Come around (to)
Come up with
Cost an arm and a leg
Meaning
Almost ready to
Suddenly
Generally: customarily
Not nervous: calm
Quickly, no preparation
Withdraw(an offer)
Do what you want: fell free
I don’t know: no idea
An improved condition
Certain to, sure to
Stop functioning (a machine)
Interrupt
Break through social barriers (at a party)
End (a meeting, relationship)
Very simple, very easy
Raise a child or introduce a topic
Meet unexpectedly: run into
Mostly: generally; on the whole
By memory, word by word
In no way
Stop working: go home
Cancel
Visit
Relax
Take care of: like
Become popular
Understand: learn
Register(hotel)
Leave: take material home from library
Become cheerful: happy
Contribute
Clarify: make understandable: become
sunny
Find: meet
Begin to change one’s opinion: begin to
agree with someone else
Think of (an idea)
Be very expensive
Count on
Count out
Cut off
Cut out for
Day in and day out
Die down
Do over
Down the drain
Dream up
Drop in (on)
Drop off
Drop out (of)
Dwell on
Easy as pie
Eyes bigger than one’s stomach
Fall behind
Fall through
A far cry from
Fed up (with)
Feel free
Feel like
Fell like a million dollars
Few and far between
Figure out
Fill in
Fill in (for someone)
Fill (someone) in
Fill out
A fish out of water
Follow in one’s footsteps
For good
For the time being
Get a kick out of (doing something)
Get along with
Get carried away
Get in over one’s head
Get in the way
Get in touch with
Get off the ground
Get on
Get over
Get rid of
Give away
Give (someone) the cold shoulder
Depend on: rely on
Eliminate
Stop; discontinue
Be qualified for
Constantly; for a long time
Become less severe; quiet down
Repeat; do again
Wasted; done for on reason (e.g.,work)
Invent; come up with
Visit informally
Leave something ( a package ); take
someone home
Stop attending (class)
Think about too much
Very simple
People who eat too much
Not move as quickly as the others
Fail to happen
Not at all the same as/good as
Not able to tolerate; annoyed by
Invitation to do what you want
Be inclined to
Feel very good
Infrequent; uncommon
Understand; solve
Write in a blank
Substitute for
Inform; provide missing information
Complete (an application)
Feel strange; not in my usual surroundings
Do what someone (older) did
Permanently; forever
For now; temporarily
Enjoy
Have good relations with
Go too far, do/buy too much
Take on too much; do too much
Block, obstruct
Contact
Start to be successful
Board (a vehicle)
Recover from (illness)
Discard; no longer keep
Distribute (for free)
Ignore; be unfriendly to
Give a hand
Go easy on
Go on (with)
Go overboard
Go with
Go without saying
Grow up
Hand in
Hand out
Hang on
Have a big mouth
Have a chip on one’s shoulder
Have a heart
Have a word with (someone)
Have one’s hands full
Hear first hand (from someone)
Hit it off (with someone)
Hit the road
Hold still
Hold up
In a nutshell
In hot water
In no time
In store
In the long run
In the same boat
Iron out
Jump to conclusions
Keep an eye on
Keep an eye out (for)
Keep track of
Keep up (with)
Kill time
Know like the back of one’s hand
Learn the ropes
Leave out
Let someone down
Let up
Look forward to
Look into
Look up to
Make a point of
Make ends meet
Make up
Applaud; clap for
Be kind; not punish severely
Continue
Do too much
Accompany; look good/go together
Be clear; be obvious
Mature; become an adult
Give back; return
Distribute
Wait
Gossip; tell secrets
Easily angered
Be kind; compassionate
Talk to
Be very busy
Get information directly from someone
Become friendly (at a first meeting
especially)
Leave; begin a journey
Not move
Delay
In summary; in brief
In trouble
Very soon; very quickly
In the future; coming up
Over a long period of time
Same situation; same problem
Solve (a problem)
Form an opinion too quickly
Watch; take care of
Look for
Know where someone/thing is
Keep the same pace as
Waste time (before an appointment)
Know very well
Get used to; get the hang of
Not include; omit
disappoint
Start to stop; become not so intense
Anticipate (with pleasure)
Investigate; check out
Respect; admire
Make a special effort
Balance the budget
Invent; create
Make sense (of)
Music to one’s ears
Next to nothing
Not believe one’s ears (or eyes)
Odds and ends
Off the cuff
An old hand (at)
On end
On hand
On pins and needles
On second thought
On the tip of one’s tongue
Out of one’s mind
Out of order
Out of the question
Over and over
Part with
Pass up
Pass with flying colors
Pat oneself on the back
Pay attention to
Pick on
Pick up
Pick up the tab for
Play to ear
Play it safe
Out point
A pretty penny
Pull one’s leg
Push one’s luck
Put aside
Put away
Put off
Put on
Put together
Put up with
Right away
Ring a bell (with)
Rough it
Be clear; logical; understand
Something very pleasant
Very little; cheap
Difficult to believe
Small; mixed items of little things
Spontaneous; not practiced
An experienced person
Without a break
Easily available
Nervous; anxious
After reconsidering
Almost (but not quite) able to remember
Insane; irrational
Broken, not working
Impossible; definitely not
Again and again
No longer have; get rid of
Not accept; not choose
Do very well (on a test)
Congratulate oneself
Concentrate on; focus on
Be cruel to
Take something from a surface (the floor);
collect someone; learn by oneself
Pay for
Do something without a definite plan
Choose a cautious plan
Indicate
Expensive; a lot of money
Tease; joke
Keep doing something too long; take too
many chances
Save/ keep for later
Return something to its proper place
Delay; postpone
Being to wear
Assemble
Tolerate
Immediately
Sound familiar to
Difficult or primitive conditions
Rub someone the wrong way
Rule out
Run into
Run of the mill
Run out (of something)
Save one’s breath
See eye to eye (with s’ one about s’ thing)
See (someone off)
See to
Serve one right
Short for
Show off
Sign up (for)
Sing another tune
Sleep on it
Snowed under
So far, so good
Speak up for
Spell out (for)
Take off
Take part in
Take the plunge
Take a shortcut
Take up
Talk down to
Talk into
Talk out of
Tear oneself away from (something)
Tell apart
Things are looking up
Throw away
Throw the book at (someone)
Throw cold water on
Try on
Try out (for)
Under the weather
Use up
Walk on air
Wear out
What the doctor ordered
Without a hitch
Annoy, irritate
Say something is impossible
Meet unexpectedly; collide with
Ordinary
Use up/exhaust something
Don’t bother asking (someone)
Agree; have same opinion
Go with and farewell someone leaving
(airport, railway)
Take care of; check
Receive the proper punishment, penalty
A nickname for
Try to get attention by unusual behavior
Enroll (class)
Change one’s opinion
Wait till next day to make a decision
Very busy
Ok up till now, no problems so far
Support (someone)
Make very clear: explain in detail
Remove(clothing); ascend(aeroplane);
become popular quickly
Participate in
Finally do something
A more direct/faster route
Being to study or engage in some activity
Speak to someone as if to a child
Persuade; convince
Dissuade; convince against
Stop doing something interesting
Distinguish
Improving; get better
Get rid of; discard
Give the maximum punishment
Discourage
Test clothing before buying
Audition for, try to join (a team)
Slightly ill
Use completely
Be very happy
Become no longer useful
The perfect thing; exactly what was
needed
Without a problem
Academic Speaking
Preparing to talk


Public speaking is normally the greatest fear of most people
We were not born with the skills of speaking
3 types of speeches



To inform- to give the information
To persuade-to convince, to change idea
To entertain-to give them information in relaxing
Method of presentation
4 types of delivery




Memorization
Manuscript reading
Impromptu speaking
Extemporaneous speaking
Memorization



Text learn by heart
For short & special occasions
Danger, nervousness makes you forget get your words
E.g. Self-Introduction, giving a toast
Manuscript




Formal speech
Detailed, prepared text
Avoid errors
No feedback
E.g. Business meeting or Reciting the schools pledge
Impromptu Speaking


No preparation (speaking “off the cuff”)
Short, clear points
E.g. Department meeting, team meeting
Extemporaneous speaking




Speaking notes
More conversational styles
Eye contact
Immediate feedback
E.g. Your class presentations
Audience Analysis


Who is the audience I will be communicating to through “my speech?”
Do I know them or never meet them before??
Organizing your materials
Main body


Limit the ideas between 2-5 main points
Ways of organizing main points
-time
-space
-cause
-pro-can
-problem
-topic
In your main points:



Preview your main point
- Briefly tell the audience what is to come
Present your main point
- 2 to 3 points is enough
Present supporting information
- Use facts, statistics, examples, visual aids etc.
Transitional Phrases



Internal Preview – mini introduction, of “the paragraph”
Internal summaries – mini conclusion of “the paragraph”
Verbal signposts – Firstly, secondly. And then, next, finally, in conclusion.
Introduction
3 steps to follow
1. Attention
2. Motivation
3. Overview






Technique to get attention
Question
Quotation
Joke
Starting statement
Gimmick (demonstration)
Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
-
Question
No need for audience’s response
Purpose: to in traduce your speech
Quotation
A relevant quotation suggests that “you do know what you are talking about”
Joke
It shows your confidence
It focuses audience’s attention upon you
A starting statement
Unexpected – to capture the attention of the audience
Demonstration
This is self-explanatory
People like to watch things happen
Reference
A short account of some event
Try to relate your reference to the purpose of your speech
Conclusion
3 steps to follow
1) Restate the topic
2) Review the main point
3) Depart with a concluding thought
Guidelines for using visual aids







People
Maps
Objects
Charts
Graphs
Photos or picture
Projected image
Designing visual aids
-
Simplicity is a good design principle
How to use visual aids
-
Choose the right visual aids
Large enough
Proper time
Simple
Talk to the audience
Practice using the visual aids
Paralanguage
-
Rate
Volume
Pitch
Pauses
Nonverbal language
-
Gestures
Movement
Eye contact
Clothing
Dealing business with people from other culture
Four dimensions of culture
1)
2)
3)
4)
Individualism – Collectivism
High and low context cultures
Power distance
Masculine and Feminine culture
Collectivism –Individualism
-
-
Whose preference is more accepted (whether it is group’s preference or
individual’s preference)
Collectivism
Asia, Africa
Group oriented
Strong respect for tradition, the
group and society
Members protect the group and its
reputation
Fulfilling the role is important
Working in groups- Not expected to
call attention
Diplomas and certificates are highly
honored
-
Individual
Western countries
Europe
Individual preferences
Not the same as “selfishness”
Personal freedom are highly valued
Express opinions freely and loudly
Challenge the authority
Own options for decision making
High and Low context
-
High context
Relationship is very important
Face saving
Criticize only in private
Information is passed on one to one
Hidden implication or meaning
-
Low context
Business comes first
Facts are highly concerned
Information is clearly posted
Interpret high context culture’s
reluctance as weakness
Power distance

Power held by a few is called
“High power distance culture”
- Power held by the people is called
“Low power distance culture”
Boss
Everyone
Everyone
-
Low Power Distance
The same lows-the same
punishment
“Egalitarian”-equal rights for all
people
-
High Power Distance
Rules are made by one or a few
people
Age or position is respected
Great distance between authority
and commoner
Little social mixing between classes
Direct confrontation viewed in
negative concept
Masculine and Feminine culture (not relate with 3 dimensions)
-
How much is success stressed over quality of life” issue
Masculine
Competitiveness, ambition, task
achievement, acquisition of things
Competition is encouraged (winlose)
Failure is viewed as negative
Males are given higher social status
than females
Sender segregation
Such as Japan, Austria, Venezuela,
Italy, Switzerland, Mexico, Ireland,
Great British
-
Feminine
“Quality of life” issues are important
Emphasize on people’s satisfaction
(win-win)
Likely to compromise and negotiate
to resolve conflicts
Less competitive and aggressive
Gender equality (both man &
female are equal)
Such as Sweden, Norway,
Netherland, Denmark, Cosla Rica,
Yugostavia, Finland, Chile, Portugal
and Thailand
*******************************Good luck for your Final exam*********************************