Introduksjonsforelesninger til BA studenter på
norsk: forholdet mellom nasjonal rett og
folkeretten, og EU-retten og den europeiske
og internasjonale beskyttelsen av
menneskerettighetene.
Professor Mads Andenæs
introduserer juridiske fag og juridisk
metode.
1
Program for dagen
 1015-1100: Law and legal systems. Norwegian law,
international law,
European Union law, human rights protection at the
different levels.
What are sources of law and how do lawyers reason.
 1115-1200: Introduction to the EU legal system
 1215-1300: International law and its sources
 1315-1400: Using legal texts: statutes, treaties and
cases
 1415-1500: Trying the new tools: reading out, in and
down, looking around, behind and ahead and other
legal games.
2
Format
• Lectures
• Interactive parts
• Exercises, groups
3
Law and legal systems
 Norwegian law, international law,
European Union law, human rights protection
at the different levels.
 What are sources of law and how do lawyers
reason.
4
Bruken av tekster
• Tekster, analyse og tolkning
• Autoriserte tekster
• Hva kan “tolkning” bety? Eksegese
5
Det nasjonale rettssystemet
•
•
•
•
•
Rettskapning og rettshåndhevelse
Lovgivning
Offentlig forvaltning
Private parter
Domstoler
6
Forfatningsprinsipper
• Maktfordeling
• Rettstaten og rettsikkerheten
7
Rettskilder i det nasjonale systemet
•
•
•
•
Grunnlov
Lov
Rettspraksis
Annen praksis
Rettspositivisme og rettsrealisme i den norske
tradisjonen.
Rettssystemet som bærer av verdier og prinsipper.
Nasjonale rettskilder og samhandlingen med
folkerettslige, menneskerettslige og EU-rettskilder.
8
Forskjeller i rettskildene mellom
nasjonale systemet
• Grunnlov: ikke alle land har en skreven grunnlov
• Lov: betydningen av lovgivningen og lovfestingen av
generelle regler varierer
• Rettspraksis: særlig i common law-landene anerkjennes
rettsparksis som mer sentral eller viktigere rettskilde.
Må ta mange
• Annen praksis
Rettspositivisme og rettsrealisme i den norske
tradisjonen.
Rettssystemet som bærer av verdier og prinsipper.
9
Tolkningslæren
• Tolkning av grunnlov, lov og rettspraksis.
• Forholdet til folkerettslige, menneskerettslige
og EU-rettskilder.
10
Domstolene
• Hierarkisk system
• Prejudikater
11
Introduksjon til EU-retten
 EU-rettens prinsipper om fortrinn og direkte
virking.
 Rettskildene i EU-retten
 Traktatene
 Direktiver
 Forskrifter
12
Domstolene i EU-retten
•
•
•
•
ECJ
CFI
Medlemslandenes domstoler
Art 234 EC
13
1. Principal themes that underpin an
understanding of the nature and
purpose of the European Community
Legal order include
14
2. ‘Task expansion’ – a summary
Article 5(1) EC: ‘The Community shall act within the
limits of the powers conferred upon it by this Treaty
and of the objectives assigned to it therein.’
15
3. The origins of the modern patterns of
European integration: the immediate
post-1945 debate
‘There are only two kinds of countries in Europe today
– those that are small and know it, and those that are
small and do not’ (Paul-Henri Spaak)
16
4. Peace – Politics – Economics – Law
17
5. The Treaties and EC lawmaking
(distinguish between negative law and positive
law)
The ‘negative law’ provisions: including free
movement, competition law – most prominently
Articles 81 and 82 EC. Where competition fits in the
map of EC trade law. Competition and Integration.
18
‘Positive law’. What is now Article 5(1) EC – the
principle of ‘attributed competences’ or ‘enumerated
powers’. Specific provisions granting particular
legislative powers are scattered throughout the text of the
Treaty.
Regulations, Directives, Decisions; and ‘soft law’: [now
Article 249 EC]
19
6. The ‘Community method’. The ‘Market
without a State’
‘Contrary to expectations, the introduction of free
markets, far from doing away with the need for control,
regulation and intervention, enormously increased their
range’ (Karl Polanyi, writing in 1944, quoted at p.1 of
M. Egan, Constructing a European Market (Oxford
University Press, 2001).
20
7. The development of the system –
geographical and functional expansion
21
Accessions (from 6 Member States to 25)
22
The Single European Act (into force 1987)
The Treaty of Maastricht (or the Treaty on European
Union, into force 1993)
The Amsterdam Treaty (into force on 1st May 1999)
The Nice Treaty (into force on 1st February 2003)
23
8. Institutional reforms/adjustment to the
scope of legislative competence: the rise of
subsidiarity as a controlling device
Article 5(2) EC: In areas which do not fall within its exclusive competence, the
Community shall take action, in accordance with the principle of subsidiarity,
only if and in so far as the objectives of the proposed action cannot be
sufficiently achieved by the Member States and can therefore, by reason of the
scale or effects of the proposed action, be better achieved by the Community.
24
9. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for
Europe (?)
25
10. Community method: the constitutional
dimension
26
11. Supremacy of EC Law
Case 6/64 Costa v. ENEL [1964] ECR 585
… the law stemming from the Treaty, an independent source of law,
could not, because of its special and original nature, be overridden
by domestic legal provisions, however framed, without being
deprived of its character as Community law and without the legal
basis of the Community itself being called into question.
Case C-213/89 Factortame [1990] ECR I-2433
Case 11/70 Internationale Handelsgesellschaft [1970] ECR 1125
27
12. The direct effect of EC law
Case 26/62 Van Gend en Loos [1963] ECR 1
28
13. The effect of EC secondary legislation in
the legal orders of the Member States
29
14. The principle of liability for
violation of EC law
Cases C-6, C-9/90 Francovich v. Italian State [1991] ECR I-5357
Joined Cases C-46/93 and C-48/93 Brasserie du Pêcheur SA v.
Germany and R v. Secretary of State for Transport, ex parte
Factortame Ltd. and others [1996] ECR I-1029
Case C-392/93 R v. HM Treasury, ex parte British
Telecommunications [1996] ECR I-1631
Case C-224/01 Gerhard Köbler v. Austria [2003] ECR I-10239
30
Case C-453/99 Courage Ltd. V. Bernard Crehan [2001]
ECR I-6297
‘The full effectiveness of Article [81] of the Treaty and, in particular, the
practical effect of the prohibition laid down in Article [81(1)] would be put at
risk if it were not open to any individual to claim damages for loss caused to him
by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition. Indeed, the
existence of such a right strengthens the working of the Community competition
rules and discourages agreements or practices, which are frequently covert,
which are liable to restrict or distort competition. From that point of view,
actions for damages before the national courts can make a significant
contribution to the maintenance of effective competition in the Community.
There should not therefore be any absolute bar to such an action being brought
by a party to a contract which would be held to violate the competition rules’
(paras 26-28)
31
15. ‘Constitutionalism’
So: what happens if there is a violation of EC law? The
principle of ‘dual vigilance’ – applied generally, and
applied to the particular case of the competition rules.
The role of (i) the Commission and (ii) private
enforcement before national courts.
32
16. Concluding remarks: How EC law
penetrates national legal orders, and the role
of national judges in the application of EC
law.
33
The European Community – and more recently the
wider European Union – has always been profoundly
concerned with politics and economics. Its legal order
is a means to an end – though the precise nature of that
‘end’ remains contested.
34
Much of the constitutional force of EC law derives
not from the explicit terms of the EC Treaty, but
rather from the Court’s view of what is required of
the legal order in order to achieve the objectives of
the Treaty.
35
The result of that process pioneered by the Court has
been a ‘constitutionalised’ legal order for the European
Community. EC law is international Treaty law – but it is
more than international Treaty law
36
The story of the European Union is a story of ‘task
expansion’. This is increasingly visibly problematic – for
reasons of a symbolic and a practical nature.
37
In the field of competition law, we will need to consider
objectives, institutional (political and judicial). Treaty
provisions and secondary legislation, the constitutional
character of the law of the EC, and patterns of
enforcement. Some features of EC competition law are
special, most are not. EC competition law is not a world
that is separate from general EC law. And – like general
EC law – EC competition law is not static. It evolves.
38
Folkeretten
• Det tradisjonelle utgangspunktet: reguleringen
av forholdet mellom stater med avtaler dem i
mellom og statenes praksis som rettskilde.
• “Konstitusjonalisering” av folkeretten.
• Privates (ikke-stater) stilling.
• Internasjonal menneskerettsbeskyttelse.
39
Rettskildene i folkeretten
• Traktater og konvensjoner (avtaler mellom
stater)
• Statenes praksis
• “Konstitusjonalisering” av folkeretten.
• Privates (ikke-stater) stilling.
• Internasjonal menneskerettsbeskyttelse.
40
Regler som ikke kan fravikes i
folkeretten
41
“Uferdig” eller “desentralisert”?
• Flere regelkretser
• Håndhevelse
42
Internasjonale domstoler
• Folkerettsdomstolen i Haag (ICJ)
• Krigsforbryterdomstolen (ICC)
• Forskjellige traktatorganer
43
Using legal texts: statutes, treaties and
cases
 Se utdelt materiale
44
Trying the new tools: reading out, in and down,
looking around, behind and ahead and other
legal games
 Reading out
 Reading in
 Reading down
 Looking around
 Looking behind
 Looking ahead
45